Compositions and methods for eliciting CTL immunity

ABSTRACT

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are effectively induced to an antigen of interest, particularly viral, bacterial, parasitic and tumor antigens. Compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, of CTL-inducing peptide and an adjuvant or a lipidated peptide which induces a helper T cell (HTL) response stimulate the antigen specific CTL response. Among the viral antigens to which the CTL responses are effectively induced in humans are those of hepatitis B. The CTL response may be optimized by a regimen of two or more booster administrations. Cocktails of two or more CTL inducing peptides are employed to optimize epitope and/or MHC class I restricted coverage.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/197,484, filed Feb. 16, 1994 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/935,811, filed Aug. 26, 1992, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/874,491, filed Apr. 27, 1992 and now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/827,682, filed Jan. 29, 1992 and now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/749,568, filed Aug. 26, 1991 and now abandoned, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT OF RIGHTS TO INVENTION MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

[0002] The invention may have been made with government support under a contract with the National Institutes of Health and/or the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Therefore, the government may have certain rights in the invention.

Background Art

[0003] Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (“CTL”) represent an important component of an animal's immune response against a variety of pathogens and cancers. CTL which have been specifically activated against a particular antigen are capable of killing the cell that contains or expresses the antigen. CTL are particularly important in providing an effective immune response against intracellular pathogens, such as a wide variety of viruses, and some bacteria and parasites. CTL responses are also believed to be capable of contributing to anti-tumor responses in afflicted or susceptible individuals.

[0004] The receptors on the surface of the CTL cannot recognize a foreign antigen directly, however. The CTL express an α-βheterodimeric T cell receptor which is capable of recognizing foreign antigen fragments bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of the effected (e.g., infected) cells. CTL also express the non-polymorphic CD8 antigen. This cell surface protein interacts with the third domain of the class I molecule on the antigen presenting cells and plays a role in both stabilizing the interaction between the CTL and the antigen presenting cell and in CTL activation (Salter et al., Nature 345:41-46 (1990)).

[0005] There are a number of mechanisms by which CTL are thought to disrupt the infectious or tumorigenic process. Among these, one involves the production of lymphokines such as gamma interferon (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), which are known to act directly on infected cells to inhibit viral replication (Gilles et al., J. Virol. 66:3955-3960 (1992)). In addition, IFNγ causes increased expression of MHC class I molecules on the surface of virus infected cells and enhances their ability to be recognized by CTL and trigger immune intervention (Hayata et al., Hepatology 13:1022-1028 (1991)).

[0006] A second mechanism by which CTL combat infections or tumors is through direct killing of the afflicted cell, e.g., those which are infected by the targeted virus (Cohen et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 10:267-293 (1992) and Henkart et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 3:31-58 (1985)). For example, since viruses must replicate within the host cell the lysis of infected cells destroys virus production prior to the liberation of infectious particles. The exact mechanism(s) by which CTL kill infected target cells remains unclear. Once CTL recognize an antigen presenting cell, close contact between the cells is established over a large surface area. A “direct hit” is then delivered by translocating enzymes present in cytoplasmic vacuoles of CTL to the antigen presenting cell, which enzymes kill the cell or perhaps induce programmed cell death, “apoptosis”. Once CTL have delivered their “lethal hit” to the antigen presenting cell, they can detach and go on to kill other antigen presenting cells through repetition of the antigen-specific recognition, lymphokine release and target cell killing mechanisms.

[0007] The means by which CTL distinguish infected from non-infected cells is through the T cell receptor and its ability to specifically recognize a peptide fragment of viral protein that is bound to the peptide-binding cleft of the MHC class I molecule (Monaco et al., Immunol. Today 13:173-179 (1992) and Townsend et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 7:601-624 (1989)). Several viral fragments that can serve as antigenic peptides have been identified.

[0008] The biochemical events that take place in the cytoplasm of infected cells leading to CTL recognition are termed antigen processing and presentation. While not completely defined, it seems clear that during the synthesis and assembly of the infecting viral or bacterial proteins, some proteolysis takes place in the cytoplasm (Monaco et al., Immunol. Today 13:173-179 (1992)). Structures called proteosomes cleave the foreign proteins into peptide fragments. These fragments are then transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by means of specific transporter proteins where newly synthesized MHC class I molecules are present. Those peptides that are capable of specifically binding to a given MHC class I molecule do so in the ER. The non-polymorphic class I β chain, β₂ microglobulin binds to the antigenic peptide-class I complex, thus forming a stable trimolecular complex that is transported to the cell surface and displayed as an integral membrane component.

[0009] The selection of which peptides bind to a particular MHC class I molecule is based on the ability of the peptide to bind within the binding pocket or cleft which resides at the outermost apex of the extra-cellular portion of the MHC molecule. For several MHC molecules, this peptide binding pocket has been precisely defined by X-ray crystallographic procedures allowing a visualization of the types and location of the chemical bonds that form to stabilize the interaction (Saper et al., J. Mol. Biol. 219:277-319 (1991)).

[0010] Because of the differences in the structure of the peptide binding pocket between the diverse set of histocompatibility alleles, e.g., the human HLA alleles, a distinct population of antigenic peptides is bound by each allele, although in some cases the population of antigenic peptides may overlap for closely related alleles. Thus, the specificity of the CTL for a foreign antigen resides at the level of the ability of MHC class I molecules to bind to a specific peptide as well as for the T cell receptor on the CTL to recognize the foreign protein fragment bound to that specific MHC class I allele.

[0011] In animals, CT8+, MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells play an important role in the immune mediated clearance of viral infections (e.g., Oldstone et al., Nature 321:239-243 (1986); Mackenzie et al., Immunol. 67:375 (1989); and Robertson et al., J. Virol. 66:3271-3277 (1992)). While similar studies have not been possible in humans, and thus direct proof is still lacking, all of the evidence points to a similar role for CTL.

[0012] The importance of CTL in viral clearance in animals is evidenced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice (Oldstone et al., Nature 321:239-243 (1986); Mackenzie et al., Immunol. 67:375 (1989); Robertson et al., J. Virol. 66:3271-3277 (1992); and Ahmed et al., J. Virol. 61:3920-3929 (1987)). When LCMV infects newborns or immune-suppressed adult animals, they become chronically infected and virus is expressed in nearly all tissues of the body. In contrast, adult mice infected with LCMV mount a vigorous cellular and humoral response against the virus and clear the infection within one to two weeks. When chronic carriers of LCMV are adoptively treated by transfer of CD8+ LCMV-specific, MHC class I-restricted CTL, the viral infection is cleared and the mice become resistant to subsequent LCMV challenge. Additional studies have shown that CTL are necessary and sufficient for LCMV clearance and that other aspects of the immune system need not be functioning (Oldstone et al., Nature 321:239-243 (1986) and Schulz et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:991-993 (1991)).

[0013] In addition to mediating the clearance of virus from chronically infected animals, studies have demonstrated that CTL generated in vivo against a synthetic peptide which presents an antigenic epitope of LCMV are able to protect mice against acute infection (Schulz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:991-993 (1991)). Mice injected with 100 μg of a synthetic 15 amino acid peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant were fully protected from a lethal LCMV challenge.

[0014] With regard to the role of CTL in other viral infections, studies with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus in mice have similarly demonstrated the importance of CTL activation in the rapid and effective recovery from these infections.

[0015] Strong evidence from animal studies indicates that an acute infection can become chronic when there is an inadequate immune response to clear the infection (Ahmed, Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis III, Notkins and Oldstone eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 304-310 (1989)). Once the chronic infection has been established, it appears to be more or less “tolerated” by the host's immune system. Tolerance appears to be organism-specific rather than a result of general immunosuppression (Fields et al., Fields Virology, Raven Press, New York, N.Y. 2:2137-2236 (1990)). Studies examining which cells in the immune system are anergic or tolerant to the infecting organism suggest that the CD4+, class 11-restricted T “helper” cells are dysfunctional (Schwartz, Cell 57:1073-1081 (1989)). Since class 11-restricted T helper cells play a critical role in the initial priming of class I-restricted CTL (Cassell et al., Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 532:51-60 (1988) and Fayolle et al., J. Immunol. 174:4069 (1991)), diminished CD4 cell function may impair the capacity of the immune system to respond adequately, and may thus clear the way for chronic infection.

[0016] Decreased T helper cell activity has been shown in the case of chronic hepatitis B infection in humans, although the fact that some CD4+ T helper function is seen suggests that these cells are not completely dysfunctional (see, e.g., Ahmed et al., J. Virol. 61:3920-3929 (1987); Alberti et al., Lancet 1:1421-1424 (1988); Neurath et al., Nature 315:154-156 (1985); Celis et al., J. Immunol. 132:1511-1516 (1984); and Ferrari et al., J. Immunol. 139:2050-2055 (1987)). Class I-restricted CTL can be detected in patients with chronic HBV infection (Barnaba et al., J. Immunol. 143:2650-2654 (1989)).

[0017] The requirement for lymphokines such as IL-2 in the generation of CD8+ CTL is well established, although the need for activation of CD4+ T helper cells to provide these lymphokines remains somewhat controversial. While the concept of linked T helper-B cell recognition for antibody production has been firmly defined, there is no compelling evidence for linked T helper-CTL recognition for the in vivo induction of CD8+ CTL. See, e.g., Buller et al., Nature 328:77-79 (1987); Sarobe et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1555-1558 (1991); and Cassell and Forman, Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. :51-60 (1991).

[0018] Thus, the data available suggest that CD8+ class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells specific for foreign antigens such as viral proteins play a critical part in prevention of disease and clearance of an established disease process. Therefore, the challenge is to induce a sufficiently potent, antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune response in humans and other mammals which, by itself or in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents or the like, will either prevent a disease process such as an infection or tumor from becoming established, or will eliminate or at least ameliorate an infection or tumor which has already become established in the host. Quite surprisingly, the present invention fulfills these and other related needs.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The present invention provides compositions for inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to an antigen of interest in a mammal. The compositions comprise a peptide that induces a CTL response to the antigen and a peptide that induces an HTL response. The HTL-inducing peptide may be lipidated. The HTL-inducing peptide is optionally linked to the CTL-inducing peptide or not linked. When linked, the HTL-inducing peptide may be separated from the CTL peptide by a spacer, such as Ala-Ala-Ala. The HTL-inducing peptide will usually be linked at its C-terminal end to the CTL-inducing peptide. Typically, the lipid is linked to the N-terminus of the HTL-inducing peptide, where the linkage can optionally include a spacer, such as Lys-Ser-Ser or the like.

[0020] The antigen to which the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is induced is selected from a viral, bacterial, parasitic or tumor antigen. Among the viral antigens to which the CTL responses are effectively induced are antigens of hepatitis B (such as envelope, core or polymerase antigens), hepatitis C or human papilloma virus. A particularly effective hepatitis B antigen is HBc18-27. Typically the CTL inducing peptide will be from seven to fifteen residues, and more usually from nine to eleven residues. The immunogenic composition can further comprise a carrier, such as physiologic saline, and an adjuvant, such as incomplete freunds adjuvant, alum or MONTANIDE® (Seppic, Paris, France; oil-based adjuvant with mannide oleate). When the peptide is lipidated, it may be modified or unmodified. The lipid is preferably a linear alkyl chain of 6-22 carbons, and preferably is a linear alkyl chain of 16 carbons. In some embodiments of the present invention the lipid is comprised of palmitic acid attached to epsilon and alpha amino groups of a Lys residue, wherein the Lys is linked to the amino terminus of the HTL-inducing peptide by means of a linker.

[0021] In other embodiments the present invention comprises methods for inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in a mammal against an antigen such as a viral, bacterial, parasitic, or tumor antigen. The method comprises administering to the mammal a peptide that induces a CTL response to the antigen, and administering, either separately or together, a lipidated peptide that induces an HTL response. The HTL-inducing peptide is optionally linked to the CTL-inducing peptide or unlinked. When unlinked, the HTL-inducing peptide can be admixed with the CTL-inducing peptide. The HTL-inducing peptide and the CTL-inducing peptide are typically administered to the mammal in a regimen of two or more administrations. These boosters are spaced a sufficient interval apart to optimize development of a CTL response to the antigen of interest, e.g., a second administration may be approximately four weeks after the initial administration. In representative embodiments described herein the antigen is hepatitis B antigen, such as HBc18-27 and the mammal is a human, of the HLA-A2.1 histocompatibility type for the HBc18-27 CTL inducing peptide.

[0022] In yet other embodiments the invention provides methods for treating or preventing a disease that is susceptible to treatment by a CTL response by administering a CTL-inducing peptide to an antigen associated with said disease, and an HTL-inducing peptide conjugated to a lipid. The induction of a CTL response can be used in the treatment or prevention of viral infection (e.g., hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human papilloma virus), bacterial or parasitic infection or tumors. When the disease is hepatitis B infection, for example, the methods can be used to treat or prevent chronic or acute infection.

[0023] In yet other embodiments the invention provides methods for inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in a human against an antigen of interest. The methods comprise administering a composition which comprises a peptide that induces a CTL response to said antigen in a human and an adjuvant. The method may further comprise administering a peptide that induces an HTL response, and in some embodiments the HTL inducing peptide is linked to the CTL inducing peptide.

[0024] In other aspects the invention provides methods for inducing a CTL response in a human against an antigen of interest by administering a peptide that induces a CTL response to the antigen and a peptide that induces an HTL response, where the CTL inducing and/or the HTL inducing peptide is lipidated.

[0025] The CTL and HTL inducing peptides may be linked or unlinked.

[0026] The HTL inducing peptide is preferably lipidated. The lipidated HTL inducing peptide can be combined with a cocktail of at least two CTL inducing peptides to optimize coverage of individuals of different HLA types or, in some instances, different antigen strains.

[0027] In a further aspect of the invention methods are described for inducing an effective CTL response in a human against an antigen of interest. According to these methods one or more peptides that induce a CTL response to the antigen, such as a viral, bacterial, parasitic or tumor antigen, is administered to a human together or separately with a peptide that induces an HTL response, where at least the CTL inducing and/or the HTL inducing peptide is lipidated. In representative embodiments of such a method described herein the CTL response is induced is to a viral antigen, such as hepatitis B antigen.

[0028] Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of hepatitis B infection are also provided. These compositions comprise a peptide that induces a CTL response to hepatitis B and a peptide that induces an HTL response, where the HTL-inducing peptide is conjugated to a lipid, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier can be a liposome, for example, and the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise an adjuvant, such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant, alum or MONTANIDE® (Seppic, Paris, France; oil-based adjuvant with mannide oleate).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029]FIG. 1A-1H depict the results of induction of HBV peptide-specific A2.1-restricted CTL by priming A2.1/K^(b) transgenic mice with syngeneic spleen cells “loaded” with HBV. FIG. 1A-1D: Splenocytes from HBV-primed transgenic mice were restimulated in vitro with four mixtures of syngeneic LPS blasts each coated with one of 13 different peptides. After 9 days effector cells were assayed for lytic activity against ⁵Cr labeled Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) target cells in the presence or absence of the four different peptide mixtures used for induction. FIG. 1E-1H: Effector cells raised against the four different peptide mixtures were restimulated in vitro against the same peptide mixtures and assayed for lytic activity against ⁵¹Cr labeled Jurkat A2.1/Kb target cells in the presence or absence of the individual peptides.

[0030]FIG. 2A-2H illustrates the HBV peptide specificity of A2.1 transgenic CTL. Transgenic CTL raised from HBV-primed transgenic mice and restimulated in vitro twice with one of the four different peptide mixtures were restimulated with individual HBV peptides and assayed for lytic activity on ⁵¹CR labelled Jurkat target cells in the presence or absence of the HBV peptides used for the restimulation. FIG. 2A-2H collectively illustrate the HBV peptide specificity of A2.1 transgenic CTL. Transgenic CTL raised from HBV-primed transgenic mice and restimulated in vitro twice with one of the four different peptide mixtures were restimulated with individual HBV peptides and assayed for lytic activity on ⁵¹Cr labeled Jurkat target cells in the presence or absence of the HBV peptides used for the restimulation.

[0031]FIG. 3A-3L collectively illustrate the results of induction of HBV peptide-specific A2.1-restricted CTL by priming A2.1/Kb transgenic mice with HBV in IFA. Splenocytes from HBVprimed transgenic mice were restimulated in vitro with syngeneic LPS blasts coated with HBV peptides. After six days, effector cells were assayed for lytic activity against ⁵¹Cr labeled Jurkat A2.1/Kb target cells in the presence or absence of the appropriate HBV peptide. Each panel represents the CTL activity induced by the indicated target peptide.

[0032]FIG. 4A-4L collectively show the results obtained when the effector CTL of FIG. 3A-3L were restimulated with peptide coated LPS blasts followed at one week interval by restimulation with peptide coated Jurkat A2.1 /Kb cells. Six days after the last restimulation effector cells were assayed for cytolytic activity against ⁵¹Cr labeled Jurkat A2.1/Kb target cells in the absence or presence of the peptide used for the restimulation, plus related peptides. Each panel represents the CTL activity induced by the peptide indicated in the corresponding panel of FIG. 3A-3L. The target peptides are indicated in each panel.

[0033]FIG. 5 illustrates that no HBc18-27-specific CTL response is detected in mice primed with the HBc 875.23 T helper epitope alone. Animals were primed subcutaneously with 100 μg of 875.23 (T helper epitope) in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) followed 9 days later (subcutaneously) with IFA alone. Splenocytes were removed 3 weeks later, cultured for 6 days in the presence of LPS-blasts that had been incubated with the CTL epitope (875.15), 100 μg for 2 hrs before being washed and added to the culture as a source of antigen presenting cells. The presence of HBc 18-27 (875.15)-specific CTL was determined using a standard 6 hr ¹⁵Cr release assay with Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) cells as targets.

[0034]FIG. 6 illustrates that no HBc 18-27-specific CTL response was detected when mice were primed with HBc18-27 (875.15) in IFA. Experimental protocol was similar to that described in FIG. 5, except that mice received 100 μg of peptide 875.15 subcutaneously in IFA rather than IFA alone for in vivo CTL priming.

[0035]FIG. 7 illustrates that HBc18-27-specific CTL response was detected in 50% of the mice primed with HBc T helper peptide (875.23) mixed with HBc CTL inducing peptide (875.15) at a 1 to 1 ratio. The experimental protocol was similar to that described in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0036]FIG. 8 illustrates that HBc-specific (875.15) CTL activity was detected in mice primed with peptide 902.01 in which the HBc T helper and CTL inducing peptide were linked via a peptide bond. Experimental protocol was similar to that in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0037]FIG. 9 illustrates that the greatest HBc18-27 (875.15)-specific CTL activity was detected in mice primed with peptide 902.02 in which the HBc T helper and CTL epitopes were linked via peptide bonds using an exemplary spacer such as alanine-alanine-alanine. Protocol was similar to that in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0038]FIG. 10A-10B illustrate that previous priming of helper T cells was not required for in vivo priming of HBc 18-27-specific CTL responses using peptide 902.01 and 902.02. CTL response is shown from animals primed subcutaneously with peptide 902.01 (FIG. 10A) or 902.02 (FIG. 10B) alone without the previous priming with peptide 875.23 in CFA.

[0039]FIG. 11 illustrates the induction of HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈ specific CTL response. A2.K^(b) transgenic mice were injected with 100 microliters of an emulsion (IFA) of 100 mg HBenv360-368 and 100 mg HBc128-140. Three weeks later, splenocytes were restimulated with syngeneic LPS blasts coated with peptide HBenv360-368. Effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr labeled Jurkat A2/K¹ target cells in the presence or absence of HBenv 360-368.

[0040]FIG. 12 illustrates the induction of a CTL response specific for HBc 18-27 by priming with a peptide containing HBc 18-27 linked to tetanus toxoid 830-843 (human helper T cell epitope). Effector cells were assayed against 51Cr labeled Jurkat A2-1/Kb target cells in the presence or absence of HBc 18-27; Jy target cells in the presence or absence of HBc 18-27 and Jy cells that had been transfected with HBV core.

[0041]FIG. 13A-13B collectively illustrate the minimal sequence for CTL recognition within HBV env 329-348 peptide (799.09). CTL lines 110 and 113 were derived from splenocytes obtained from A2Kb transgenic mice primed subcutaneously with HBV virus in IFA and in vitro activated with 799.09 coated stimulator cells. 799.09 specific CTL lines 110 and 113 were assayed for lytic activity in a 6 hr ⁵¹Cr release assay using JA2Kb cells as targets in the presence of 799.09 peptide truncations (FIG. 13A=799.09 N-terminus truncations; FIG. 13B=799.09 overlapping 9 mers and 10 mers).

[0042]FIG. 14A-14D show the 8Bc18-27 specific CTL response (d7 assay) from subjects immunized with placebo or CY-1899. The CTL response against 8Bc18-27 was assessed by culturing 4×10⁶ PBMC/well in 24 well plates in the presence of HBc18-27 peptide on day 3 and 6 after initiation cultures were fed with 10 U/ml IL-2 (final concentration). On day 7, part of the wells (2-3) were harvested and CTL activity was measured using ⁵¹Cr labeled .221 A2 target cells in the absence or presence of HBc18-27 peptide and in the presence of a 20 fold excess of K562 cells (K562 cells were added in order to decrease background lysis caused by NK cells). The data are expressed in lytic units/10⁶ cells where one lytic unit is defined as the number of lymphocytes required to achieve 30% lysis of 10000 .221 A2 during a 6 hour assay. Each bar represents the specific CTL activity (i.e. in the presence of peptide and in the absence of peptide).

[0043]FIG. 15A-15D show the HBc18-27 specific CTL response (d14 assay) from subjects immunized with placebo or CY-1899. On day 7 after initiation of cultures (see FIG. 1A-1H), the remaining wells (2-3) were harvested and cells were restimulated with HBc18-27 peptide-coated autologous adherent cells. Cultures were fed with 10 U/ml IL-2 on day 9 and thereafter as needed. CTL activity was assayed on day 14 using the procedure described in FIG. 1A-1H.

[0044]FIG. 16 shows the mean and standard deviation of peak CTL activity: the mean and standard deviation of peak CTL activity after the first and second injections of different doses of CY-1899.

[0045]FIG. 17A-17B show HBc18-27 specific CTL from subjects injected with CY-1899 recognize endogenous processed antigen. Effector CTL obtained from subjects 302 and 304 after 14 days of culture were restimulated as described in FIG. 2I-2P. CTL activity was assayed 7 days later as shown in FIG. 1A-1H using as targets 0.221 A₂ cells in the absence (-□-) or presence (-◯-) of HBc18-27 peptide and 0.221 A₂ cells transfected with the HBV core protein (-▴-).

[0046]FIG. 18A-18D show the proliferation response to T cells specific for the TT 830-843 helper peptide from subjects immunized with placebo or CY-1899. T cell proliferation response against the helper peptide epitope was measured by culturing 1.5×10⁵ PBMC from each sample in flat-bottom 96/plate wells with or without 10 μg/ml TT peptide. Seven days later cultures were fed with medium containing recombinant IL-2 (20 U/ml final concentration) to induce further proliferation of T cells which had been stimulated against the peptide. On day 9 after initiation of culture, 1 RCi of ³H-thymidine was added to each well and 18 hr later cells in each well were harvested onto glass fiber mats and counted for ³H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Each bar represents the difference in cpm ³H-thymidine incorporation obtained from wells which received peptide minus those which did not receive peptide.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0047] The present invention provides compositions and methods for inducing an effective CTL-mediated response to an antigen of interest in humans and other mammals. The composition is comprised of peptides that are capable of inducing MHC class I-restricted CTL responses to the antigen of interest (“CTL peptide”) and an adjuvant. Another embodiment to the present invention is directed to a composition comprised of said CTL peptide and a peptide capable of eliciting a helper T lymphocyte (HTL) response. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to either or both the CTL and HTL peptide by lipidated, linked or unlinked and administered with or without an adjuvant preparation. In particularly preferred embodiments either the CTL peptide or the HTL peptide is lipidated, linked or unlinked and administered without an adjuvant. In a preferred embodiment the HTL epitope is lipidated and linked to the CTL epitope and administered without an adjuvant. In another preferred embodiment the lipidated HTL peptide is admixed with, but not linked to, at least one CTL peptide.

[0048] By administering the compositions of the present invention an effective CTL response is stimulated in the recipient mammal to the antigen of interest. The cells which are targeted by the CTL response can be involved in a wide variety of disease or potential disease states, e.g., cells which are infected by viruses, bacteria or parasites, cells which express certain tumor antigens, and cells which express autoimmune antigens or other antigens that are capable of being recognized as self by the mammal's CTL. The specifically stimulated CTL attack the target cells by secreting lymphokines (e.g., gamma interferon) and liberating products (e.g., proteolytic enzymes such as serine esterases) that inhibit replication of the infecting organism in the cells and/or kill the cells which express the antigen of interest, and thus are able to interrupt or substantially prevent the disease of interest, e.g., a viral infection, parasite or bacterial infection, a tumor or an autoimmune disease process.

[0049] The CTL inducing peptides which are useful in the compositions and methods of the present invention can be selected from a variety of sources, depending of course on the targeted antigen of interest. The CTL inducing peptides are typically small peptides that are derived from selected epitopic regions of target antigens associated with an effective CTL response to the disease of interest. Thus, by “CTL inducing peptide” or “CTL peptide” of the present invention is meant a chain of at least four amino acid residues, preferably at least six, more preferably eight to ten, sometimes eleven to fourteen residues, and usually fewer than about thirty residues, more usually fewer than about twenty-five, and preferably fewer than fifteen, e.g., eight to fourteen amino acid residues derived from selected epitopic regions of the target antigen(s).

[0050] Peptides that induce CTL responses are used in the methods and compositions of the present invention irrespective of the method or methods used to identify the epitope recognized by CTL. The CTL epitope(s) contained in the CTL peptides can be identified in one of several ways. In those cases where antigen-specific CTL lines or clones are available, for example tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or virus-specific CTL, these cells can be used to screen for the presence of the relevant epitopes using target cells prepared with specific antigens. Such targets can be prepared using random, or selected synthetic peptide libraries, which would be utilized to sensitize the target cells for lysis by the CTL. Another approach to identify the relevant CTL epitope when CTL are available is to use recombinant DNA methodologies. Gene, or preferably cDNA, libraries from CTL-susceptible targets are first prepared and transfected into non-susceptible target cells. This allows the identification and cloning of the gene coding the protein precursor to the peptide containing the CTL epitope. The second step in this process is to prepare truncated genes from the relevant cloned gene, in order to narrow down the region that encodes for the CTL epitope. This step is optional if the gene is not too large. The third step is to prepare synthetic peptides of approximately 10-20 amino acids in length, overlapping by 5 residues, which are used to sensitize targets for the CTL. When a peptide, or peptides, are shown to contain the relevant CTL epitope, smaller peptides can be prepared to establish the peptide of minimal size that contains the CTL epitope. These epitopes are usually contained within 9-10 residues. Examples of peptides containing known CTL epitopes identified in this way are listed below. SEQ HLA- ID RESTRIC- ANTIGEN SOURCE SEQUENCE NO: TION MAGE-1 EADPTGHSY 1 A1 HIV nef84-94 AVDLSHFLK 2 A11 EBNA4 416-424 IVTDFSVIK 3 A11 HBc18-27 FLPSDFFPSV 4 A2.1 HIV RT ILKIEPVHGV 5 A2.1 HTLV-1, Tox 12-19 LFGYPVYV 6 A2.1 Influenza A, M1 58-66 GILGFVFTL 7 A2.1 HCMV, gB 619-628 IAGNSAYEYV 8 A2.1 p53 264-272 A8 LLGRNSFEV 9 A2.1 HBVadr-ENV (S Ag335- WLSLLVPFV 10 A2.1 343) c-ErbB2 (HER-2/neu) RFRELVSEFSRMARDPQ 11 A2.1 HIV nef73-82 QVPLRPMTYK 12 A3,A11 HIV-1 NL43 env gp RLRDLLLIVTR 13 A3.1 41768-778 HCV 141-151 STLPETTVVRR 14 A31 Aw68 NP 383-391 SRYWAIRTR 15 B27 HIV gag p24 265-274 KRWIILGLNK 16 B27 P.falciparum circum KPKDELDY 17 B35 sp.368-375 P.falciparum circum KSKDLEDY 18 B35 sp.368-375 P.falciparum liverAg KPNDKSLY 19 B35 1850-1857 HIV-2 TPYDINQML 20 B53 P.falciparum liverAg KPIVQYDNF 21 B53 1786-1794 B53 self peptide YPAEITLTW 22 B53 HIV gp41 586-593 YLKDQQLL 23 B8 NP 380-388 ELRSRYWAI 24 B8 EBV EBNA-3 FLRGRAYGI 25 B8 HIV gag261-269 GEIYKRWII 26 B8 HIV gag331-339 DCKTILKAL 27 B8 HIV po1185-193 DPKVKQWPL 28 B8 HIV gp41 586-593 YLKDQQLYL 29 B8 HIV gap p17.3 GGKKKYKLK 30 B8

[0051] Another way of identifying a peptide containing a CTL epitope, when CTLs are present, is to elute the peptide with an acid or base. The peptides associated with MHC molecules are present on the cells that are lysed by the CTL. The eluted peptides are separated using a purification method such as HPLC, and individual fractions are tested for their capacity to sensitize targets for CTL lysis. When a fraction has been identified as containing the CTL peptide, it is further purified and submitted to sequence analysis. The peptide sequence can also be determined using tandem mass spectrometry. A synthetic peptide is then prepared and tested with the CTL to corroborate that the correct sequence and peptide have been identified.

[0052] In some circumstances, where CTL are not available there are other means to identify potential CTL epitopes. These methods rely in the identification of MHC-binding peptides from known protein sequences. These methods have been described in detail in pending patent applications (U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/159,339, 08/073,205 and EPO Patent Application No. 92201252.1, which are herein incorporated by reference). Briefly, the protein sequences for example from viral or tumor cell components are examined for the presence of MHC-binding motifs. These binding motifs which exist for each MHC allele, are conserved amino acid residues, usually at positions 2 (or 3) and 9 (or 10) in peptides of 9-10 residues long. Synthetic peptides are then prepared of those sequences bearing the MHC binding motifs, and subsequently are tested for their ability to bind to MHC molecules. The MHC binding assay can be done either using cells which express high number of empty MHC molecules (cellular binding assay), or using purified MHC molecules. The MHC binding peptides are then tested for their capacity to induce a CTL response in naive individuals, either in vitro using human lymphocytes, or in vivo using HLA-transgenic animals. These CTL are tested using peptide-sensitized target cells, and targets that naturally process the antigen, such as viral infected cells or tumor cells. For example, an HLA-A1-restricted CTL epitope for the tumor-associated antigen MAGE-3 has been identified using this approach and is the subject of a pending patent application, U.S. Patent Application No. 08/186,266, which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0053] Desirably, the CTL peptide will be as small as possible while still maintaining substantially all of the biological activity of a larger peptide. When possible, it may be desirable to optimize peptides of the invention to a length of eight to twelve amino acid residues, more usually nine or ten amino acid residues, commensurate in size with endogenously processed antigen peptide that is bound to MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. See generally, Schumacher et al., Nature 350:703-706 (1991); Van Bleek et al., Nature 348:213-216 (1990); Rotzschke et al., Nature 348:252-254 (1990); and Falk et al., Nature 351:290-296 (1991), which are incorporated herein by reference. By biological activity of a CTL inducing peptide is meant the ability to bind an appropriate MHC molecule and, in the case of peptides useful for stimulating CTL responses, induce a CTL response against the selected antigen or antigen mimetic. By a CTL response is meant a CD8⁺ T lymphocyte response specific for an antigen of interest, wherein CD8⁺, MHC class I-restricted T lymphocytes are activated. As noted above, the activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes will secrete a variety of products which inhibit and may or may not kill the targeted cell.

[0054] The compositions and methods of the present invention are particularly preferred for targeting host cells infected by viruses. CTL responses are an important component of the immune responses of most mammals to a wide variety of viruses, and the present invention provides a means to effectively stimulate a CTL response to virus-infected cells and treat or prevent such an infection in a host mammal. Thus the compositions and methods of the present invention are applicable to any virus presenting protein and/or peptide antigens. Such viruses include but are not limited to the following, pathogenic viruses such as influenza A and B viruses (FLU-A, FLU-B), human immunodeficiency type I and II viruses (HIV-I, HIV-Il), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T lymphotropic (or T-cell leukemia) virus type I and type II (HTLV-I, HTLV-II), human papillomaviruses types 1 to 18 (HPV-1 to HPV-18), rubella (RV), varicella-zoster (VZV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), adenoviruses (AV), and herpes simplex viruses (HV). In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV), poliovirus, respiratory syncytial (RSV), rhinovirus, rabies, mumps, rotavirus and measles viruses.

[0055] In a like manner, the compositions and methods of the present invention are applicable to tumor-associated proteins, which could be sources for CTL epitopes. Such tumor proteins and/or peptides include, but are not limited to, products of the MAGE-1, -2 and -3 genes, products of the c-ErbB2 (HER-2/neu) proto-oncogene, tumor suppressor and regulatory genes which could be either mutated or overexpressed such as p53, ras, myc, and RB1. Tissue specific proteins to target CTL responses to tumors such as prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) for prostate cancer, and tyrosinase for melanoma. In addition viral related proteins associated with cell transformation into tumor cells such as EBNA-1, HPV E6 and E7 are likewise applicable. A large number of peptides from some of the above proteins have been identified for the presence of MHC-binding motifs and for their ability to bind with high efficiency to purified MHC molecules and are the subject of pending patent applications (U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/159,339 and 08/073,205, previously incorporated herein by reference).

[0056] The peptides can be prepared “synthetically,” as described hereinbelow, or by recombinant DNA technology. Although the peptide will preferably be substantially free of other naturally occurring viral, bacterial, parasitic, tumor or self proteins and fragments thereof, in some embodiments the peptides can be synthetically conjugated to native fragments or particles. The term peptide is used interchangeably with polypeptide in the present specification to designate a series of amino acids connected one to the other by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and alpha-carboxy groups of adjacent amino acids. The polypeptides or peptides can be a variety of lengths, either in their neutral (uncharged) forms or in forms which are salts, and either free of modifications such as glycosylation, side chain oxidation, or phosphorylation or containing these modifications, subject to the condition that the modification not destroy the biological activity of the polypeptides as herein described.

[0057] The terms “homologous”, “substantially homologous”, and “substantial homology” as used herein denote a sequence of amino acids having at least 50% identity wherein one sequence is compared to a reference sequence of amino acids. The percentage of sequence identity or homology is calculated by comparing one to another when aligned to corresponding portions of the reference sequence.

[0058] The peptides useful in the present invention can be optionally flanked and/or modified at one or both of the N- and C-termini, as desired, by amino acids from the naturally occurring (e.g., HBV) sequences, amino acids added to facilitate linking to another peptide or to a lipid, other N- and C-terminal modifications, linked to carriers, etc., as further described herein. Additional amino acids can be added to the termini of a peptide to provide for modifying the physical or chemical properties of the peptide or the like. Amino acids such as tyrosine, cysteine, lysine, glutamic or aspartic acid, or the like, can be introduced at the C- or N-terminus of the peptide or oligopeptide. In addition, the peptide sequences can differ from the natural sequence by being modified by terminal-NH₂ acylation, e.g., by alkanoyl (C₁-C₂₀) or thioglycolyl acetylation, terminal-carboxy amidation, e.g., ammonia, methylamine, etc. In some instances these modifications may provide sites for linking to a support or other molecule.

[0059] It will be understood that the peptides of the present invention or analogs thereof which have CTL stimulating activity may be modified to provide other desired attributes, e.g., improved pharmacological characteristics, while increasing or at least retaining substantially all of the biological activity of the unmodified peptide. For instance, the peptides can be modified by extending, decreasing or substituting amino acid sequences by, e.g., the addition or deletion of amino acids on either the amino terminal or carboxy terminal end, or both, of peptides derived from the sequences disclosed herein.

[0060] With respect to treatment or prevention of hepatitis B infection in humans, selection of a CTL inducing peptide(s) useful in the present invention can be as set forth in more detail in copending applications U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 07/935,811, 07/935,898 and 08/024,120 which are incorporated herein by reference. These applications provide the ability to select one or more peptides that induce CTL responses to a hepatitis B antigen, which responses are capable of killing (or inhibiting) cells which are infected by or otherwise express (in the case of transfected cells) the native HBV antigens. The HBV CTL inducing peptide will usually have at least four, sometimes six, often seven or more residues, or a majority of amino acids of that peptide, that are identical or homologous when compared to the corresponding portion of the naturally occurring HBV sequence. For example, peptides preferred for stimulating HBV CTL responses include the following: +HC,10 SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 HBV POL 1117 LLAQFTSAI 9 31 9.6000 HBV ENV 338 LLVPFVQWFV 10 32 1.6000 HBV ENV 335 WLSLLVPFV 9 33 0.9600 HBV ENV 1116 FLLAQFTSA 9 34 0.6600 HBV POL 1147 FLLSLGIHL 9 35 0.5200 HBV POL 1245 ALMPLYACI 9 36 0.5000 HBV ENV 249 ILLLCLIFLL 10 37 0.3000 HBV POL 1092 KLHLYSHPI 9 38 0.2900 HBV ENV 259 VLLDYQGML 9 39 0.1100 HBV ENV 378 LLPIFFCLWV 10 40 0.1000 HBV ENV 177 VLQAGFFLL 9 41 0.0660 HBV POL 721 YLHTLWKAGI 10 42 0.0560 HBV POL 721 YLHTLWKAGV 10 43 0.1300 HBV ENV 377 PLLPIFFCL 9 44 0.0310 HBV NUC (CORE) 529 ILSTLPETTV 10 45 0.0220

[0061] Other HBV CTL stimulating peptides include HBenv₃₀₉₋₃₂₈ (peptide 799.08), HBenv₃₂₉₋₃₄₉ (peptide 799.09) or HBenv₃₄₉₋₃₆₈ (peptide 799.10), and the HBc region HBc91-110 (peptide 802.03).

[0062] For example, a CTL inducing HBc peptide comprises from six to thirty amino acids and is derived from the region HBc18-27, contains at least one CTL epitopic site, and has at least seven amino acids wherein a majority of amino acids of the peptide will be identical or substantially homologous, when compared to the amino acids comprising the corresponding portion of the naturally occurring HBc18-27 sequence. A representative peptide of this region is peptide HBc18-27, which has the following sequence (for HBV subtype ayw): FLPSDFFPSV (SEQ ID NO:4).

[0063] With respect to treatment or prevention of hepatitis C infection in mammals, one or more peptides that induce a CTL response to a hepatitis C antigen may be selected. The HCV CTL-inducing peptide will usually have at least four, sometimes six, often seven or more residues, or a majority of amino acids of that peptide that are identical or homologous when compared to the corresponding portion of the naturally occurring HCV sequence. For example, those peptides which are preferred for stimulating HCV CTL responses include sequences contained within copending U.S patent application Ser. Nos. 08/159,339 and 08/073,205, previously incorporated herein by reference, in particular peptides 1073.05 (LLFNILGGWV, SEQ ID NO: 46), 1090.18 (FLLLADARV, SEQ ID NO:49), 939.20 (LLALLSCLTV, SEQ ID NO:47), 1073.07 (YLLPRRGPRL, SEQ ID NO:52), 1013.10 (DLMGYIPLV, SEQ ID NO:51), 1073.10 (GVAGALVAFK, SEQ ID NO:61). Also suitable are other peptides identified by other methods, such as STNPKPQK (SEQ ID NO:62) and GPRLGVRAT (SEQ ID NO:63) (Koziel et al., J. Virol. 67:7522-7535, 1993), and YPWPLYGNEGLGWAGWLLSP (SEQ ID NO:64) (Kita et al., Abstract #631, 1993 Am. Assoc. For Study of Liver Diseases Meeting). Other HCV derived peptides for stimulating HCV CTL responses include the following: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 HCV NS4 1807 LLFNILGGWV 10 46 3.5000 HCV CORE 178 LLALLSCLTV 10 47 0.6050 HCV NS4 1585 YLVAYQATV 9 48 0.2450 HCV NS1/ENV 725 FLLLADARV 9 49 0.2250 HCV NS4 1851 ILAGYGAGV 9 50 0.2150 HCV CORE 132 DLMGYIPLV 9 51 0.0835 HCV CORE 35 YLLPRRGPRL 10 52 0.0725 NS1/ENV2 686 ALSTGLIHL 9 53 0.0415 HCV CORE 178 LLALLSCLTI 10 54 0.0340 HCV NS5 2578 RLIVFPDLGV 10 55 0.0320 HCV NS5 2885 RLHGLSAFSL 10 56 0.0200 HCV NS4 1811 ILGGWVAAQL 10 57 0.0180 HCV ENV1 364S SMVGNWAKV 9 58 0.0155 HCV NS3 1131 YLVTRHADV 9 59 0.0109 HCV NS4 1666 VLAALAAYCL 10 60 0.0106

[0064] With respect to treatment or prevention of HPV infections in mammals, one or more peptides that induce a CTL response to a HPV may be selected. The HPV CTL-inducing peptide will usually have at least four, sometimes six, often seven or more residues, or a majority of amino acids of that peptide that are identical or homologous when compared to the corresponding portion of the naturally occurring HPV sequence. For example, those peptides which are preferred for stimulating HPV CTL responses include sequences contained within copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/159,339 and 08/073,205 and EPO Patent Application 92201252.1, previously incorporated by reference, in particular the following peptides: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 HPV16 E7 82 LLMGTLGIV 9 65 0.0240 HPV16 E7 11 YMLDLQPET 9 66 0.1400 HPV16 E6 52 FAFRDLCIV 9 67 0.0570 HPV16 E7 86 TLGIVCPIC 9 68 0.0750 HPV16 E7 7 TLHEYMLDL 9 69 0.0070 HPV16 E7 85 GTLGIVCPI 9 70 0.0820 HPV16 E7 12 MLDLQPETT 9 71 0.0028 HPV16 E6 29 TIHDIILECV 10 72 0.0210

[0065] With respect to treatment or prevention of human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 in humans, one or more peptides that induce a CTL response to a HIV 1 or 2 antigen may be selected. The HIV CTL-inducing peptide will usually have at least four, sometimes six, often seven or more residues, or a majority of amino acids of that peptide that are identical or homologous when compared to the corresponding portion of the naturally occurring HIV sequence. For example, those peptides which are preferred for stimulating HIV CTL responses include the following peptides: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 HIV 367 VLAEAMSQV 9 73 0.1100 HIV 1496 LLWKGEGAVV 10 74 0.0360 HIV 1496 LLWKGEGAV 9 75 0.0230 HIV 1004 ILKEPVHGV 9 76 0.0190 HIV 1129 IVGAETFYV 9 77 0.0099 HIV 1129 IIGAETFYV 9 78 0.0260 HIV 2182 LWVTVYYGV 9 79 0.0014 HIV 2182 LMVTVYYGV 9 80 0.4400

[0066] Several tumor associated antigens have also been correlated with CTL responses, including, but not limited to, renal cell carcinoma antigens, breast cancer antigens, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), melanoma (MAGE-1 and MAGE-3) antigens, prostate cancer specific antigen and others. For example, an HLA-A1-restricted CTL epitope for the tumor-associated antigen MAGE-3 has been identified using this approach and is the subject of a pending patent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/186,266, previously incorporated herein by reference.

[0067] Peptides which stimulate CTL responses to tumor antigens and which can be used in the methods and compositions of the present invention can be selected as described in, for example, U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 08/159,339 and 08/073,205, previously incorporated by reference. For example, representative peptides which are preferred for inducing MAGE-3 and -1 CTL responses include the following: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 MAGE2 105 KMVELVHFL 9 81 0.5100 MAGE2 105 KMVELVHFLL 10 82 0.2200 MAGE3 153 LVFGIELMEV 10 83 0.1100 MAGE1 278 KVLEYVIKV 9 84 0.0900 MAGE1 105 KVADLVGFLL 10 85 0.0560 MAGE3 105 KVAEFVHFL 9 86 0.0550 MAGE1 92 CILESLFRA 9 87 0.0460 MAGE1 264 FLWGPRALA 9 88 0.0420 MAGE1 200 VMIAMEGGHA 10 89 0.0360 MAGE1 38 LVLGTLEEV 9 90 0.0320 MAGE1 301 ALREEEEGV 9 91 0.0210 MAGE1 270 ALAETSYVKV 10 92 0.0150 MAGE1 282 YVIKVSARV 9 93 0.0140 MAGE1 269 RALAETSYV 9 94 0.0100

[0068] The present invention enhances the effectiveness of a CTL-inducing peptide by co-delivery with a sequence which contains at least one epitope that is capable of inducing an HTL response. By an HTL response is meant a CD4⁺ T lymphocyte response wherein CD4⁺ T lymphocytes are activated. The HTLs stimulated by the HTL-inducing peptide can be the T-helper 1 and/or T-helper 2 phenotype, for example. The activated T helper lymphocytes will secrete a variety of products, including, for example, interleukin-2, which may facilitate expression of the T cell receptor and promote recognition by activated CTLs.

[0069] HTL-inducing epitopes can be provided by peptides which correspond substantially to the antigen targeted by the CTL-inducing peptide, or more preferably peptides to a more widely recognized antigen, and preferably not specific for a particular histocompatibility antigen restriction. Peptides which are recognized by most individuals regardless of their MHC class II phenotype (“promiscuous”) may be particularly advantageous. The HTL peptide will typically comprise from six to thirty amino acids and contain an HTL-inducing epitope. For example, illustrative peptides useful in the present invention are those which contain HTL inducing epitopes within an HTL peptide from tetanus toxoid 830-843 having the sequence Gln-Tyr-Ile-Lys-Ala-Asn-Ser-Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Ile-Thr-Glu (QYIKANSKFIGITE) [SEQ ID NO:95], malaria circumsporozoite 382-398 Lys-Ile-Ala-Lys-Met-Lys-Ala-Ser-Ser-Val-Phe-Asn-Val-Val-Asn-Ser (KIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS) [SEQ ID NO:96]; malaria circumsporozoite ₃₇₈₋₃₉₈ Asp-Ile-Glu-Lys-Lys-Ile-Ala-Lys-Met-Lys-Ala-Ser-Ser-Val-Phe-Asn-Val-Val-Asn-Ser (DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS) [SEQ ID NO:97], and ovalbumin 323-336 ile-Ser-Gln-Ala-Val-His-Ala-Ala-His-Ala-Glu-Ile-Asn-Glu [SEQ ID NO:98] and the influenza epitope 307-319 Pro-Lys-Tyr-Val-Lys-Gln-Asn-Thr-Leu-Lys-Leu-Ala-Thr [SEQ ID NO:99]. In addition suitable T helper peptides have been identified as described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/121,101, incorporated herein by reference.

[0070] Other examples of HTL-inducing peptides are those which are specific for the antigen (virus or other organism, tumor, etc.) being targeted by the CTL. For example, several HTL-inducing peptides specific for HBV have been described, such as HBc₁₋₂₀, having the sequence: Met-Asp-Ile-Asp-Pro-Tyr-Lys-Glu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Thr-Val-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ser-Phe-Leu-Pro [SEQ ID NO:100]; peptides from the region HBc₅₀₋₆₉, which has the sequence Pro-His-His-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Arg-Gln-Ala-Ile-Leu-Cys-Trp-Gly-Glu-Leu-Met-Tyr-Leu-Ala [SEQ ID NO:101], and from the region of HBc,₁₀₀₋₁₃₉, including HBc₁₀₀₋₁₁₉ having the sequence Leu-Leu-Trp-Phe-His-Ile-Ser-Cys-Leu-Thr-Phe-Gly-Arg-Glu-Thr-Val-Ile-Glu-Tyr-Leu [SEQ ID NO:102] (where Ile₁₁₆ is Leu in the HBV adw subtype), HBc₁₁₇-₁₃₁, having the sequence Glu-Tyr-Leu-Val-Ser-Phe-Gly-Val-Trp-Ile-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Ala [SEQ ID NO:103], and peptide HBc₁₂₀₋₁₃₉ having the sequence Val-Ser-Phe-Gly-Val-Trp-Ile-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Ala-Tyr-Arg-Pro-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro-IIe [SEQ ID NO:104]. See, Ferrari et al., J. Clin. Invest. 88:214-222 (1991), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,882,145, and 5,143,726, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0071] The CTL or HTL inducing peptides employed in the compositions and methods of the present invention need not be identical to specific peptides disclosed in aforementioned disclosures, and can be selected by a variety of techniques, for example, according to certain motifs as described above. Therefore, the peptides may be subject to various changes, such as insertions, deletions, and substitutions, either conservative or non-conservative, where such changes might provide for certain advantages in their use. By conservative substitutions is meant replacing an amino acid residue with another which is biologically and/or chemically similar, e.g., one hydrophobic residue for another, or one polar residue for another. The substitutions include combinations such as Gly, Ala; Val, Ile, Leu; Asp, Glu; Asn, Gln; Ser, Thr; Lys, Arg; and Phe, Tyr. Usually, the portion of the sequence which is intended to substantially mimic a CTL or HTL stimulating epitope will not differ by more than about 20% from the corresponding sequence of a native antigen, when known, except where additional amino acids may be added at either terminus for the purpose of modifying the physical or chemical properties of the peptide for, e.g., ease of linking or coupling, and the like. In those situations where regions of the peptide sequences are found to be polymorphic among antigen subtypes, it may be desirable to vary one or more particular amino acids to more effectively mimic differing CTL or HTL epitopes of different antigen strains.

[0072] In some instances it may be desirable to combine two or more peptides which contribute to stimulating specific CTL responses in one or more patients or histocompatibility types. The peptides in the composition can be identical or different, and together they should provide equivalent or greater biological activity than the parent peptide(s). For example, using the methods described herein, two or more peptides may define different or overlapping CTL epitopes from a particular region, e.g., the peptide region 799.08 (HBenv₃₀₉₋₃₂₈), peptide region, 799.09 (HBenv₃₂₉₋₃₄₉), 799.10 (HBenv₃₄₉₋₃₆₈), or peptide region 802.03 (HBc₉₁₋₁₁₀), peptides can be combined in a “cocktail” to provide enhanced immunogenicity of CTL responses, and peptides can be combined with peptides having different MHC restriction elements. This composition can be used to effectively broaden the immunological coverage provided by therapeutic, vaccine or diagnostic methods and compositions of the invention among a diverse population.

[0073] In some embodiments the CTL inducing peptides of the invention are linked to the HTL inducing peptides. CTL inducing peptides/T helper conjugates can be linked by a spacer molecule, or the CTL peptide may be linked to the HTL peptide without a spacer. When present, the spacer is typically comprised of relatively small, neutral molecules, such as amino acids or amino acid mimetics, which are substantially uncharged under physiological conditions and may have linear or branched side chains. The spacers are typically selected from, e.g., Ala, Gly, or other neutral spacers of nonpolar amino acids or neutral polar amino acids. In certain preferred embodiments herein the neutral spacer is Ala. It will be understood that the optionally present spacer need not be comprised of the same residues and thus may be a hetero- or homo-oligomer. Preferred exemplary spacers are homo-oligomers of Ala. When present, the spacer will usually be at least one or two residues, more usually three to six residues. When the HTL-inducing peptide is conjugated to the CTL-inducing peptide, in the presence or absence of a spacer, preferably with the HTL peptide is positioned at the amino end of the conjugate.

[0074] The peptides of the invention can be combined via linkage to form polymers (multimers), or can be formulated in a composition without linkage, as an admixture. Where the same peptide is linked to itself, thereby forming a homopolymer, a plurality of repeating epitopic units are presented. When the peptides differ, e.g., a cocktail representing different antigen strains or subtypes, different epitopes within a subtype, different histocompatibility restriction specificities, or peptides which contain HTL epitopes, heteropolymers with repeating units are provided. In addition to covalent linkages, noncovalent linkages capable of forming intermolecular and intrastructural bonds are also contemplated.

[0075] Linkages for homo- or hetero-polymers or for coupling to carriers can be provided in a variety of ways. For example, cysteine residues can be added at both the amino- and carboxy-termini, where the peptides are covalently bonded via controlled oxidation of the cysteine residues. Also useful are a large number of heterobifunctional agents which generate a disulfide link at one functional group end and a peptide link at the other, including N-succidimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) proprionate (SPDP). This reagent creates a disulfide linkage between itself and a cysteine residue in one protein and an amide linkage through the amino on a lysine or other free amino group in the other. A variety of such disulfide/amide forming agents are known. See, for example, Immun. Rev. 62:185 (1982). Other bifunctional coupling agents form a thioether rather than a disulfide linkage. Many of these thioether forming agents are commercially available and include reactive esters of 6-maleimidocaproic acid, 2 bromoacetic acid, 2-iodoacetic acid, 4-(N-maleimido-methyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid and the like. The carboxyl groups can be activated by combining them with succinimide or 1-hydroxy-2-nitro-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt. A particularly preferred coupling agent is succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (SMCC). Of course, it will be understood that linkage should not substantially interfere with either of the linked groups to function as described, e.g., to function as a CTL determinant or HTL determinant.

[0076] As a further aspect of the present invention the HTL-inducing peptide(s) and CTL-inducing peptide(s) can be delivered to the patient in the presence of a lipid. The lipid residue, such as palmitic acid or the like (as described further below, which is attached to alpha and epsilon amino groups of a Lys residue ((PAM)₂Lys), is attached to the amino terminus of the HTL-inducing peptide. The lipid can be attached directly to the HTL peptide, or, more typically, indirectly via a linkage, such as a Ser-Ser, Gly, Gly-Gly, Ser linkage or the like.

[0077] As another example of lipid-HTL priming of CTL responses, E. coli lipoprotein, such as tripahnitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinly-seryl-serine (P₃CSS), can be used to prime specific CTL when covalently attached to an appropriate HTL peptide. See, Deres et al., Nature 342:561-564 (1989), incorporated herein by reference. The HTL peptides can be coupled to P₃CSS, for example, and the lipopeptide administered in conjunction with the CTL inducing peptide to an mammal to specifically prime a CTL response to the antigen of interest.

[0078] Yet another example of lipid priming of CTL response is achieved by conjugating the CTL/T helper-peptide-conjugate with uncharged fatty acid residues of different chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation, ranging from acetic to stearic acid as well as to negatively charged succinyl residues via the appropriate carboxylic acid anhydrides.

[0079] The lipid may be linked to other peptides which present HTL epitopes which are then combined with the lipid. When the HTL and CTL are linked in a conjugate, the arrangement of the components of the conjugate comprising the CTL inducing peptide/T helper peptide/lipid can be varied. In one case, the lipid moiety can be linked to the amino terminal end of the CTL inducing peptide, which in turn is linked at its carboxy terminal to the T helper peptide. In another case, the lipid is linked at the amino terminal end of the T helper peptide, which is linked at its carboxy terminal to the CTL inducing peptide. In each case, a spacer molecule can be selectively inserted between the lipid moiety and the CTL or T helper peptide, as well as between the T helper and the CTL inducing peptides. In the case of the spacer between the lipid and the T helper or CTL inducing peptide, a preferred example comprises Lys-Ser-Ser, although other spacers are described herein. An example of a spacer between the T helper and CTL inducing peptides will be Ala-Ala-Ala, as also described in further detail herein.

[0080] As further described herein, the lipidated HTL peptide and CTL peptide can then be emulsified in an adjuvant, e.g., incomplete Freund's adjuvant, alum or montanide.

[0081] In an exemplary embodiment described below, a T helper peptide from substantially within TT830-843 was lipidated at its N-terminus (with (PAM)2) via a linker (KSS) and then linked at its C-terminus (via a linker AAA) with a HBV CTL inducing peptide, HBc18-27. Thus, the structure of the peptide was (PAM)₂KSS-T helper-AAA-CTL and had the sequence of (PAM)₂KSS-ISQAVHAAHAEINE-AAA-TYQRTRALV. This conjugate, when administered to transgenic animals expressing the HLA2.1 antigen, was shown to induce specific CTL priming of animals. It was also established that the CTL induced by the peptide recognized endogenously synthesized HBcore antigens. When the same lipid-THL-CTL peptide conjugate was administered to humans an induction of specific CTL response was observed, where the response dose dependent both in proportion of subjects exhibiting a positive response as well as in the magnitude of the response obtained.

[0082] The peptides of the invention can be prepared in a wide variety of ways. Because of their relatively short size, the peptides can be synthesized in solution or on a solid support in accordance with conventional techniques. Various automatic synthesizers are commercially available and can be used in accordance with known protocols. See, for example, Stewart and Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2d. ed., Pierce Chemical Co. (1984); Tam et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:6442 (1983); Merrifield, Science 232:341-347 (1986); and Barany and Merrifield, The Peptides, Gross and Meienhofer, eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-284 (1979), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0083] Alternatively, recombinant DNA technology may be employed wherein a nucleotide sequence which encodes a CTL peptide and/or T helper peptide of interest is inserted into an expression vector, transformed or transfected into an appropriate host cell and cultivated under conditions suitable for expression. These procedures are generally known in the art, as described generally in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), and Ausubel et al., (ed.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1987), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,237,224, 4,273,875, 4,431,739, 4,363,877 and 4,428,941, for example, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference. Thus, fusion proteins which comprise one or more peptide sequences can be used to present the CTL and HTL determinants. For example, a recombinant HBV surface antigen protein is prepared in which the HBenv amino acid sequence is altered so as to more effectively present epitopes of peptide regions described herein to stimulate a CTL response. By this means a polypeptide is used which incorporates several CTL and HTL epitopes.

[0084] As the coding sequence for peptides of the length contemplated herein can be synthesized by chemical techniques, for example, the phosphotriester method of Matteucci et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185 (1981), modification can be made simply by substituting the appropriate base(s) for those encoding the native peptide sequence. The coding sequence can then be provided with appropriate linkers and ligated into expression vectors commonly available in the art, and the vectors used to transform suitable hosts to produce the desired fusion protein. A number of such vectors and suitable host systems are now available. For expression of the fusion proteins, the coding sequence will be provided with operably linked start and stop codons, promoter and terminator regions and usually a replication system to provide an expression vector for expression in the desired cellular host. For example, promoter sequences compatible with bacterial hosts are provided in plasmids containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of the desired coding sequence. The resulting expression vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts. Of course, yeast or mammalian cell hosts may also be used, employing suitable vectors and control sequences.

[0085] The peptides of the present invention and pharmaceutical and vaccine compositions thereof are useful for administration to mammals, particularly humans, to treat and/or prevent viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. As the peptides are used to stimulate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to HBV infected cells, the compositions can be used to treat or prevent acute and/or chronic HBV infection.

[0086] For pharmaceutical compositions, the peptides, i.e., the compositions of lipidated HTL/CTL peptides of the invention as described above will be administered to a mammal already suffering from or susceptible to the disease being treated. Those in the incubation phase or the acute phase of disease such as a viral infection, e.g., HBV, can be treated with the immunogenic peptides separately or in conjunction with other treatments, as appropriate. In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered to a patient in an amount sufficient to elicit an effective CTL response to the disease and to cure or at least partially arrest its symptoms and/or complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as “therapeutically effective dose.” Amounts effective for this use will depend on, e.g., the peptide composition, the manner of administration, the stage and severity of the disease being treated, the weight and general state of health of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician, but generally range for the initial immunization (that is for therapeutic or prophylactic administration) from about 1.0 μg to about 50 mg, preferably 1 μg to 500 μg, most preferably 1 μg to 250 μg followed by boosting dosages of from about 1.0 μg to 50 mg, preferably 1 μg to 500 μg, and more preferably 1 μg to about 250 μg of peptide pursuant to a boosting regimen over weeks to months depending upon the patient's response and condition by measuring specific CTL activity in the patient's blood. It must be kept in mind that the peptides and compositions of the present invention may generally be employed in serious disease states, that is, life-threatening or potentially life threatening situations. In such cases, in view of the minimization of extraneous substances and the relative nontoxic nature of the peptides, it is possible and may be felt desirable by the treating physician to administer substantial excesses of these peptide compositions.

[0087] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte stimulatory peptides of the invention sufficient to effectively treat the patient.

[0088] For therapeutic use, administration should begin at the first sign of disease (e.g., HBV infection), to be followed by boosting doses until at least symptoms are substantially abated and for a period thereafter. In cases of established or chronic disease, such as chronic HBV infection, loading doses followed by boosting doses may be required. The elicitation of an effective CTL response during early treatment of an acute disease stage will minimize the possibility of subsequent development of chronic disease such as hepatitis, HBV carrier stage, and ensuing hepatocellular carcinoma.

[0089] Treatment of an infected mammal with the compositions of the invention may hasten resolution of the disease in acutely afflicted mammals. For those mammals susceptible (or predisposed) to developing chronic disease the compositions of the present invention are particularly useful in methods for preventing the evolution from acute to chronic disease. Where the susceptible individuals are identified prior to or during infection, for instance, as described herein, the composition can be targeted to them, minimizing need for administration to a larger population.

[0090] The peptide compositions can also be used for the treatment of chronic or established disease such as viral hepatitis and to stimulate the immune system to eliminate virus-infected cells. Those with chronic hepatitis can be identified as testing positive for virus from about 3-6 months after infection. As individuals may develop chronic HBV infection because of an inadequate (or absent) CTL response during the acute phase of their infection, it is important to provide an amount of immuno-potentiating peptide compositions of the invention in a formulation and mode of administration sufficient to effectively stimulate a CTL response. Thus, for treatment of chronic hepatitis, a representative dose is in the range of about 1.0 μg to about 50 mg, preferably 1 μg to 500 μg, most preferably 1 μg to 250 μg followed by boosting dosages of from about 1.0 μg to 50 mg, preferably 1 μg to 500 μg, and more preferably 1 μg to about 250 μg per dose. Administration should continue until at least clinical symptoms or laboratory indicators indicate that the HBV infection has been eliminated or substantially abated and for a period thereafter. Immunizing doses followed by boosting doses at established intervals, e.g., from one to four weeks, may be required, possibly for a prolonged period of time, as necessary to resolve the infection. For the treatment of chronic and carrier HBV infection it may also be desirable to combine the CTL and HTL peptides with other peptides or proteins that induce immune response to other HBV antigens, such as HBsAg.

[0091] The pharmaceutical compositions for therapeutic treatment are intended for parenteral, topical, oral or local administration. Preferably, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered parenterally, e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously, intradermally, or intramuscularly. Thus, the invention provides compositions for parenteral administration which comprise a solution of the HTL and CTL stimulatory peptides dissolved or suspended in an acceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueous carriers may be used, e.g., water, buffered water, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like. These compositions may be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile solution prior to administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, methanol, and dissolving agents such as DMSO and other like agents.

[0092] The concentration of HTL and CTL stimulatory peptides of the invention in the pharmaceutical formulations can vary widely, i.e., from less than about 1%, usually at or at least about 10% to as much as 20 to 50% or more by weight, and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected.

[0093] Thus, a typical pharmaceutical composition for intravenous infusion could be made up to contain 250 ml of sterile Ringer's solution, and 50 mg of peptide. Actual methods for preparing parenterally administrable compounds will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail in for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0094] The peptides of the invention may also be administered via liposomes, which serve to target the peptides to a particular tissue, such as lymphoid tissue, or targeted selectively to infected cells, as well as increase the half-life of the peptide composition. Liposomes include emulsions, foams, micelles, insoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, phospholipid dispersions, lamellar layers and the like. In these preparations the peptide to be delivered is incorporated as part of a liposome, alone or in conjunction with a molecule which binds to, e.g., a receptor prevalent among lymphoid cells, such as monoclonal antibodies which bind to the CD45 antigen, or with other therapeutic or immunogenic compositions. Thus, liposomes filled with a desired peptide of the invention can be directed to the site of lymphoid cells, where the liposomes then deliver the selected therapeutic/immunogenic peptide compositions. Liposomes for use in the invention are formed from standard vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol. The selection of lipids is generally guided by consideration of, e.g., liposome size and stability of the liposomes in the blood stream. A variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described in, e.g., Szoka et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728, 4,837,028, and 5,019,369, incorporated herein by reference. For targeting to the immune cells, a ligand to be incorporated into the liposome can include, e.g., antibodies or fragments thereof specific for cell surface determinants of the desired immune system cells. A liposome suspension containing a peptide may be administered intravenously, locally, topically, and in other manners in a dose which varies according to, inter alia, the manner of administration, the peptide being delivered, and the stage of the disease being treated.

[0095] For solid compositions, conventional nontoxic solid carriers may be used which include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. For oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic composition is formed by incorporating any of the normally employed excipients, such as those carriers previously listed, and generally 10-95% of active ingredient, that is, one or more peptide compositions of the invention, and more preferably at a concentration of 25%-75%.

[0096] For aerosol administration, the HTL and CTL stimulatory peptide compositions are preferably supplied in finely divided form along with a surfactant and propellant. Typical percentages of peptides are 0.01%-20% by weight, preferably 1%-10%. The surfactant must, of course, be nontoxic, and preferably soluble in the propellant. Representative of such agents are the esters or partial esters of fatty acids containing from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, such as caproic, octanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, olesteric and oleic acids with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol or its cyclic anhydride. Mixed esters, such as mixed or natural glycerides may be employed. The surfactant may constitute 0.1%-20% by weight of the composition, preferably 0.25-5%. The balance of the composition is ordinarily propellant. A carrier can also be included, as desired, as with, e.g., lecithin for intranasal delivery.

[0097] In another aspect the present invention is directed to vaccines which contain as an active ingredient an immunogenically effective amount of a composition of HTL and CTL stimulating peptides as described herein. The peptide(s) may be introduced into a mammalian host, including humans, linked to its own carrier or as a homopolymer or heteropolymer of active peptide units. Such a polymer has the advantage of increased immunological reaction and, where different peptides are used to make up the polymer, the additional ability to induce antibodies and/or cytotoxic T cells that react with different antigenic determinants of the virus. Useful carriers are well known in the art, and include, e.g., thyroglobulin, albumins such as human serum albumin, tetanus toxoid, polyamino acids such as poly(D-lysine:D-glutamic acid), influenza protein and the like. The vaccines can also contain a physiologically tolerable (acceptable) diluent such as water, phosphate buffered saline, or saline, and further typically include an adjuvant. Adjuvants such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, alum, or MONTANIDE®(Seppic, Paris, France; oil-based adjuvant with mannide oleate) are materials well known in the art. Upon immunization with a peptide composition as described herein, via injection, aerosol, oral, transdermal or other route, the immune system of the host responds to the vaccine by producing large amounts of CTLs specific for the disease associated antigen, and the host becomes at least partially immune to the disease, e.g., HBV infection, or resistant to developing chronic disease.

[0098] Vaccine compositions containing the peptides of the invention are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of disease, e.g., viral infection, to enhance the patient's own immune response capabilities. Such an amount is defined to be a “immunogenically effective dose.” In this use, the precise amounts depend on the patient's state of health, age, the mode of administration, the nature of the formulation, and other parameters. The peptides are administered to individuals of an appropriate HLA type, e.g., for vaccine compositions of peptide HBc 18-27, these will be administered to HLA-A2 individuals.

[0099] In some instances it may be desirable to combine the peptide vaccines of the invention with vaccines which induce neutralizing antibody responses to the disease, e.g., HBV, particularly to HBV envelope antigens, such as recombinant HBV env-encoded antigens or vaccines prepared from purified plasma preparations obtained from HBV-infected individuals. A variety of HBV vaccine preparations have been described, and are based primarily on HBsAg and polypeptide fragments thereof. For examples of vaccines which can be formulated with the peptides of the present invention, see generally, European Patent publications EP 154,902 and EP 291,586, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,565,697, 4,624,918, 4,599,230, 4,599,231, 4,803,164, 4,882,145, 4,977,092, 5,017,558 and 5,019,386, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The vaccines can be combined and administered concurrently, or as separate preparations.

[0100] The peptides may also find use as diagnostic reagents. For example, a peptide of the invention may be used to determine the susceptibility of a particular individual to a treatment regimen which employs the peptide or related peptides, and thus may be helpful in modifying an existing treatment protocol or in determining a prognosis for an affected individual. In addition, the peptides may also be used to predict which individuals will be at substantial risk for developing chronic HBV infection.

[0101] The following examples are offered by way of illustration, not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLE 1 Identification of CTL-specific HBV Epitopes

[0102] A line of transgenic mice which express a mouse-human chimeric class I molecule was used to define HBV core and surface antigen sequences that represent CTL-specific epitopes.

[0103] The transgenic mouse line 66 obtained from Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation expresses a chimeric class I molecule composed of the α1 and α2 domains of human HLA-A2.1 antigen and the 3 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of H-2K^(b). The transgenic mice were prepared as generally described in Vitiello et al., J. Exp. Med. 173:1007-1015 (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference. When these mice are primed in vivo with the influenza virus, they generate a CTL response that is specific for virtually the same epitopes as those recognized by human influenza-specific CTL. Thus, these transgenic animals can be used to determine HBV epitopes recognized by human T cells.

[0104] To define which sequence regions within HBV surface and core proteins represented CTL epitopes, synthetic peptides derived from the two proteins were prepared and tested for their ability to bind to human HLA-A2.1. Binding was determined by the relative capacity of different peptide concentrations to inhibit recognition of A2.1 target cells in the presence of the influenza matrix peptide 57-68 by the CTL line 219, as determined by the inhibition of release of serine esterase from the cells. The 219 line was derived from A2.1 transgenic mice and is specific for the matrix peptide 57-68 in the context of HLA-A2.1.

[0105] Briefly, peptides to be assayed for CTL epitopes were dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Just before the assay, peptides were diluted in RPMI 1640 buffered with 25 μM Hepes and containing 0.05% BSA (assay media). Fifty microliters of a 200 μg/ml, 66 μg/ml, or 22 μg/ml of peptide solution were added to wells of 96 round-bottomed plates containing 4×10⁵ Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) cells in a volume of 50 μl of assay media. Plates were incubated for 30 min. at 37° C. Fifty μl of 2.5 μg/ml solution of the index peptide (matrix peptide 57-68 from PR8 influenza virus) were then added to the cells, followed by 50 μl containing 5×10⁴ line 219 CTL, where the concentration of index peptide used was chosen as that which induced 75% serine esterase release from CTL 219, as determined by titration of the peptide. After 4 hours incubation at 37° C., plates were centrifuged for 5 min. at 1000 RPM, and 20 μl supernatant transferred to flat-bottomed 96-well plates. Esterase activity in the supernatant was measured by adding 180 μl of a reaction mixture consisting of 0.2M TrisHCl pH 8.1, 2.0×10⁻⁴ N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLT) and 2.2×10⁻⁴ M dithiobis (nitrobenzoic acid). Plates were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. and absorbance read at 412 nm. Percent inhibition was calculated by the following formula:

% inhibition=100−A ₄₁₂(test+index) peptide−A ₄₁₂test peptide alone×100A ₄₁₂index peptide−A ₄₁₂no peptide

[0106] Those peptides which bound to A2.1 and caused more than 24% inhibition of serine esterase release by the cells were assayed in vitro for the ability to restimulate a CTL response from splenocytes derived from HBV primed A2.1 transgenic mice. (Sette, A. et al., J. Immunol. 147:3893 (1991)). HBV priming was performed by injecting A2.1 spleen cells “loaded” with HBV virus as described by Carbone and Bevan, J. Exp. Med. 171:377-387 (1990).

[0107] Briefly, red blood cell depleted splenocytes were suspended in 0.4 ml of a solution composed of 200 μl of HBV purified virus and 200 μl of a 2×hypertonic solution (0.5 M sucrose, 10% w/v polyethylene glycol 1000, 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, in RPMI 1640 medium), for 10° C. min. at 37° C. The cell suspension was then rapidly diluted in prewarmed hypotonic media (60% HBSS and 40% water), incubated for 2 min. at 37° C., pelleted, washed twice in HBSS and irradiated (1,000 rad.). Mice were then injected with 5.0×10⁶ loaded cells in a volume of 200 μl. Mice were boosted with HBV-loaded spleen cells 10 days later.

[0108] After about 2 weeks, spleen cells from primed mice (5×10⁶ cells/well in 24 well plates) were cultured with 4 different mixtures of syngeneic irradiated (3000 rads) LPS blasts (2×10⁶cells/well) that had been independently coated with 13 different peptides. Coating was achieved by incubating aliquots of 25×10⁶ LPS blasts in tubes each with 100 μg of one of the 13 HBV synthetic peptides in one ml for 1-2 hrs at 37° C.; the contents of the different tubes were then pooled to give 4 mixtures. Mixture No. Peptide No. Peptide Location 1 800.04 HBenv47-63 802.01 HBc11-27 802.06 HBc162-176 2 801.02 HBenv141-157 799.02 HBenv194-213 802.03 HBc91-110 3 799.09 HBenv329-348 799.10 HBenv349-368 802.04 HBc111-125 4 799.04 HBenv234-253 799.05 HBenv246-265 799.08 HBenv309-328 800.05 HBenv63-77

[0109] The mixture of cells was washed once, diluted at the required concentration and plated. The medium used for the cultures was RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS, 50μg/ml gentamicin, 2mM glutamine and 5×10³¹ ⁵ M 2-mercaptoethanol (R10). After nine days, effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against Jurkat A₂/k^(b) target cells in the presence of different peptide mixtures corresponding to those used in the cultures. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 1 panels, A through D. The effector cells (0.2×10⁶ cells/well) obtained from these cultures were restimulated with irradiated (20,000 rads), peptide-coated Jurkat A₂/K^(b) cells (0.2×10⁶ cells/well) in the presence of 3×10⁶ feeder cells/well (C57BL/6 irradiated spleen cells) in R10 supplemented with 5%-rat ConA supernatant. After 6 days, these effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr labeled Jurkat A₂/K^(b) target cells in the presence of the 13 individual peptides. Peptides that induced CTL lysis of Jurkat A₂/K^(b) target cells above background (FIG. 1, panels E through H) i.e., HBenv 47-63, HBc 11-27 (panel E) HBenv 141-157, HBenv 194-213, HBc 91-110 panel F), HBenv 329-348 and 349-368 panel G) and HBenv 309-328 (panel H) were independently used to restimulate the effector cells generated with the peptide mixtures. After six days in culture, the effector cells were tested for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr Jurkat A₂/K^(b) cells in the presence of the peptide used for the restimulation (FIG. 1). The set of experiments, outlined in this example allow us to determine that HBV peptides HBc 11-27 (FIG. 1 panels A, E; FIG. 2 panel A) HBc 91-110 (FIG. 1 panels B, F; FIG. 2 panel E), HBenv 329-348 (FIG. 1 panels C, G; FIG. 2 panel F) HBenv 349-368 (FIG. 1 panels C, G; FIG. 2 panel G) and HBenv 309-328 (FIG. 1 panels D, H; FIG. 2 panel H) clearly represent CTL epitopes.

EXAMPLE 1A Induction of Ovalbumin-specific CTL Response in Mice

[0110] B6 mice were injected with 10, 50, or 200 μg of ovalbumin in HBSS intravenously, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with 10, 50, 200 μg ovalbumin subcutaneously in IFA. Ten days later, splenocytes from primed animals were stimulated in vitro with irradiated EG7 cells (EL-4 cells transfected with OVA). Six days later, the effector cells were tested for cytolytic activity against ⁵¹Cr labelled EL-4 and EG7 cells. No CTL activity was induced by injection of ovalbumin in HBSS either intravenously or interperitoneally. Some CTL induction was seen at the 200 μg dose for subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin in HBSS. Strong CTL in vivo induction was seen when ovalbumin was administered with IFA, optimal induction occurred with the 10 μg dose given subcutaneously.

EXAMPLE 2 Induction of A2.1-Restricted CTL by Subcutaneous Priming With Purified HBV in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA)

[0111] Injection of ovalbumin (OVA) in IFA subcutaneously induces an ovalbumin-specific CTL response in mice, while injection of OVA either i.v. or i.p. generally does not lead to the generation of CTL. This technique was used to induce HBV-specific CTL in A2.1 transgenic mice.

[0112] Priming and In Vitro Restimulation: A2.1/K^(b) transgenic mice were injected with 100 microliters of an emulsion of purified HBV virus in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). This emulsion was prepared by mixing purified HBV (1 mg protein/ml) diluted 1:5 in HBSS with an equal volume of IFA. Seven days after priming, splenocytes (5×10⁶ cells/well in a 24 well plate) obtained from these animals were restimulated with syngeneic irradiated LPS blasts (2×10⁶/well) coated with each of the following peptides: 799.09 HBenv 329-348 802.03 HBc91-110 875.20 HBenv 335-343 883.02 HBc92-101 875.21 HBenv 338-347 883.03 HBc93-102 799.10 HBenv 349-368 875.15 HBc18-27 884.01 HBenv 348-357 875.18 HBc107-115 884.02 HBenv 349-358 875.19 HBc139-148

[0113] These peptides were chosen because: 1) They had been defined as containing CTL epitopes in Example I (peptides 799.10, 799.09, 802.03); 2) they represent truncations of peptides defined in Example I that are recognized by the CTL raised against the larger epitopes (i.e., peptides 875.15, 884.02, 883.02, 883.03); or 3) they contain the A2.1 binding motif as described by Falk et al. (Nature 351:290-296 (1991)), i.e., leucine or methionine in position 2, and either leucine or valine in position 9 or valine in position 10, (i.e., peptides 884.01, 875.20, 875.21, 875.18 and 875.19). Coating was achieved by incubating 50 μg of each individual peptide with 12×10⁶ LPS blasts in a volume of 0.4 ml of RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FCS for 1 h at 37° C. The cells were washed once. After 6 days, effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr labelled Jurkat A₂/K^(b) cells in the presence of the appropriate peptides. The results are shown in FIG. 3.

[0114] These effector cells (0.2×10⁶ cells/well) were restimulated at weekly intervals. For the first restimulation, peptide-coated LPS blasts were used, followed by peptide-coated Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) cells. Six days after restimulation, effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr labelled Jurkat A2/K^(b) target cells in the presence of the appropriate peptides. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 4.

[0115] Peptides clearly able to induce in vitro CTL from splenocytes of HBV-primed mice are FIG. 3 and 4, panel A: HBc 18-27; FIG. 3 and 4, panel B: HBenv 349-368; FIG. 3 and 4, panel D: HBenv 349-358; FIG. 3 and 4, panel F: HBenv 329-348; FIG. 3 and 4, panel I: HBc 91-110; FIG. 3 and 4, panel J: HBc 92-102; and FIG. 3 and 4, panel K: HBc 93-102. Truncation peptides recognized by CTL raised against the larger peptide and as such should contain at least part of a CTL epitope are: FIG. 3F, 4F: HBenv 335-343 and HBenv 338-347.

EXAMPLE 2A Other HBV CTL Epitopes

[0116] The following peptides were identified following procedures disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/159,339 and 08/073,205, incorporated herein by reference. CTL Epitopes Position Sequence SEQ ID NO: HBV POL 561 FLLSLGIHL-COOH 35 HBV POL 61 GLYSSTVPV-COOH 106 HBV POL 411 NLSWLSLDV-COOH 107 HBV POL 491 HLYSHPIIL-COOH 108

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of Peptides

[0117] Peptides were synthesized on an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) 430A peptides synthesizer using Fmoc protected amino acids and 2-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) esters for amino acid activation. Each amino acid was routinely triple coupled. Fmoc protected amino acids and Hydroxybenzotriazole were purchased from Burdick and Jackson. HBTU was purchased from Richelieu Biotechnologies (St-Hyacinthe, Canada). Piperidine and trifluoroacetic acid, acetic anhydride, and ethanedithiol were purchased from Sigma Chemical Corporation.

[0118] a. Peptide Phe-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp-Phe-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val-OH [SEQ ID NO:4]

[0119] L-Valine coupled to SASRIN® resin (Bachem Biosciences) was loaded into the peptide synthesis reaction vessel and washed one time with N-methylpyrolidone (NMP). The following operations were then sequentially performed:

[0120] 1. The Fmoc protecting group was removed by treatment of the resin bound amino acid with 25% piperidine in NMP.

[0121] 2. The resin was washed 5 times with NMP.

[0122] 3. A mixture containing Fmoc-serine, diisopropylethylamine, HBTU and NMP was added to the reaction vessel and allowed to react for 30 minutes, under vortex agitation.

[0123] 4. The solvent was drained, and the resin was washed three times with NMP.

[0124] 5. Steps (3) and (4) were repeated two more times.

[0125] 6. The resin was washed four more times with NMP.

[0126] Steps 1-6 were repeated for each amino acid of the peptide. Following the final coupling cycle, the resin-bound peptide was deproteced by reaction with 25% piperidine in NMP, washed 7 times with NMP, and washed 2 times with dichloromethane. The resin was dried in vacuo for 24 hours. The peptide was cleaved from the SASRIN® resin by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid containing 2.5% ethanedithiol and 5% water. The polystyrene resin was separated from the trifluoroacetic acid solution by filtration. Trifluoroacetic acid was removed by evaporation in vacuo. The crude peptide was triturated with diethylether and dissolved in water. The water was removed by lyophilization. The peptide was then purified by reverse phase HPLC on a C₈ column (VYDAC) using a gradient of acetonitrile, water, each containing 0.1% TFA as modifier.

[0127] b. Peptide (Pal)₂-Lys-Ser-Ser-Phe-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp-Phe-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val-OH [SEQ ID NO:109]

[0128] The resin bound peptide described in section (a) was extended by the addition of two serine residues according to the above described procedure. The following operations were then performed:

[0129] 1. The Fmoc protecting group was removed by treatment of the resin bound amino acid with 25% piperidine in NMP.

[0130] 2. The resin was washed 5 times with NMP.

[0131] 3. Bis-Fmoc-Lysine was converted to the corresponding symmetrical anhydride by treatment with diisopropylcarbodiimide in NMP. The resin bound peptide was allowed to react with the resulting anhydride.

[0132] 4. The resin was washed 5 times with NMP.

[0133] 5. The Fmoc protecting group was removed by treatment of the resin bound amino acid with 25% piperidine in NMP.

[0134] 6. Palmitic acid was reacted with hydroxybenzotriazole and diisopropylcarbodiimide in NMP. The resin bound peptide was allowed to react with the resulting solution.

[0135] 7. The resin was washed 5 times with NMP. Finally, the peptide was cleaved from the resin as described above.

[0136] c. Peptide Gln-Tyr-Ile-Lys-Ala-Asn-Ser-Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Ile-Thr-Glu-Phe-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp-Phe-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val-OH [SEQ ID NO:110]. The resin bound peptide described in section (a) was chain extended by the addition of Glu, Thr, Ile, Gly, Ile, Phe, Lys, Ser, Asn, Ala, Lys, Ile, Tyr, and Gln residues, according to the procedure described in section (a). Cleavage and purification were performed as described above.

[0137] d. Peptide Gln-Tyr-Ile-Lys-Ala-Asn-Ser-Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Ile-Thr-Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Phe-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp-Phe-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val-OH [SEQ ID NO:111]. The resin bound peptide described in section (a) was chain extended by the sequential addition of Ala, Ala, Ala, Glu, Thr, Ile, Gly, Ile, Phe, Lys, Ser, Asn, Ala, Lys, Ile, Tyr, and Gln residues, according to the procedure described in section (a). Cleavage and purification were performed as described above.

[0138] e. Peptide Ac-Gln-Tyr-Ile-Lys-Ala-Asn-Ser-Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Ile-Thr-Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Phe-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp-Phe-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val-OH [SEQ ID NO:112]. The resin bound peptide described in section (d) was acetylated by reaction with acetic anhydride in NMP. Cleavage and purification were performed as described above.

EXAMPLE 4 Induction of CTL by Combining CTL and T-helper Epitopes

[0139] This example describes experiments which define the relative in vivo HBV-specific CTL priming efficiency of peptides expressing HBV CTL epitopes alone, CTL epitopes mixed with peptides containing T helper epitopes or CTL epitopes physically linked to T helper epitopes.

[0140] Transgenic mice (HLA-A2.1/K^(b)) were primed subcutaneously (base of tail) with 100 μg of peptide 875.23 (Ia^(b)-restricted helper epitope HBc 128-140 TPPAYRPPNAPIL) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Nine days later each of the following peptides were injected subcutaneously into two unprimed and two helper-primed mice, 100 μg/mouse in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Peptide T Helper (HBc128-140) CTL (HBc18-27) 1. 875.23 TPPAYRPPNAPIL 2. 875.15 FLPSDFFPSV 3. 875.23 + 875.15 TPPAYRPPNAPIL + FLPSDFFPSV 4. 902.01 TPPAYRPPNAPILFLPSDFFPSV-NH₂ 5. 902.02 TPPAYRPPNAPILAAAFLPSDFFPSV-NH₂ 6. No peptide

[0141] Three weeks after priming with the CTL epitope, splenocytes were in vitro restimulated with LPS blasts coated with HBc 18-27 (coating was achieved by incubating 30×10⁶ LPS blasts with 100 μg of HBc18-27 in one ml of medium; after 1-2 hr at 37° C., the cells were washed). After 6 days, effector cells were assayed for lytic activity against ⁵¹Cr labelled Jurkat A₂/K^(b) target cells in the presence or absence of HBc18-27.

[0142] The results showed that in 50% of the animals studied in which the T helper and CTL epitope peptides were simply mixed (i.e., not linked) and administered in an immunizing dose, induction of some detectible antigen-specific CTL activity above the level of background killing was seen. An example of the response detected is shown in FIG. 7. Surprisingly, when animals were primed with the T helper epitope linked to the CTL epitope, 100% showed evidence of specific CTL priming (FIG. 8), the magnitude of which was greater than that detected when the epitopes were administered non-linked (FIG. 7). Quite unexpectedly, as shown in FIG. 9, it was found that linking the T helper and CTL epitopes via an alanine-alanine-alanine spacer (i.e., T helper-AAA-CTL) resulted in the induction of specific CTL activity greater than that detected by linking the T helper and CTL determinants alone. Priming with the T helper peptide or CTL peptide alone did not induce HBc-specific CTL (FIGS. 5 and 6). Also, prior immunization of animals to induce T helper-specific immunity did not appear to be essential for priming for CTL using either the T helper and CTL mixture or the T helper-CTL conjugate, since immunization was detected when naive animals were primed with the appropriate conjugate (FIGS. 10A and B).

EXAMPLE 4A Recognition of Generation of Endogenously Processed Antigens After Priming

[0143] This example discloses that CTL induced by in vivo priming with peptide (as disclosed in Example 4) recognize endogenously synthesized antigens.

[0144] A fraction of the effector cells from the procedure disclosed in Example 4 whose CTL function is represented in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, were restimulated in vitro using HBcAg 18-27-coated JA2.1 /K^(b) stimulator cells. Six days later, effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity and the cell lines that contained HBcAg 18-27-specific cytotoxic activity were further restimulated. Six days later, these cell lines were tested for cytotoxic activity on ⁵¹Cr labeled Jy S1 target cells in the absence or presence of HBcAg 18-27 and on ⁵¹Cr labeled Jy core target cells, as demonstrated in the following table. CTL lines obtained from animals primed with HBcAG 18-27 peptide derived recognize endogenously synthesized HBc antigen. In vivo Primed Jv S₁ Animal No. Day 0 Day 9 E:T NoAg 875.15 Jy Core H21 — 902.01  0.1:1 1 43  3  0.5:1 3 66  2   2:1 6 73  9   8:1 11  74   1.5 H5-2 — 902.02  0.3:1 2 55 21   1:1 1 78 35  4.5:1 5 77 44   18:1 12  82 54 H6-3 — 875.15  0.4:1 4 67  9 +875.23  1.5:1 6 78 17   6:1 11  75 23   24:1 18  79 29 H4-6 875.23 902.01 0.15:1 2 29  9  0.6:1 5 51 21  2.5:1 12  63 32   10:1 21  62 42 H4-2 875.23 902.02  0.6:1 1 74 37  2.5:1 3 80 55   10:1 6 80 59   40:1 14  77 63

[0145] All CTL lines were specific for HBcAg 18-27 and recognized Jy core albeit to a different extent. The much higher level of lysis obtained in the presence of exogenously added peptide as compared to endogenously synthesized, is explained by the relatively greater concentration of peptide that can be added exogenously. Because CTL lines derived from both animals primed with 902.02 had the highest affinity for endogenous antigen (producing a 35% and 37% specific lysis of Jy core at the E:T of 1:1 and 0.6: 1, respectively), it is demonstrated that this construct, i.e., T helper epitope AAA HBcAg 18-27 possesses immunogenic characteristics suitable for induction of cells that recognize HBV infected cells.

EXAMPLE 5 Induction of A2.1-Restricted Ctl-Specific for HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈

[0146] A2/K^(b) transgenic mice were injected with 100 microliters of an emulsion of 100 μg HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈ and 100 μg HBc₁₂₈₋₁₄₀ helper epitope in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). (This emulsion was prepared by mixing 500 μg of both peptides in PBS with an equal volume of IFA.) Twenty-one days after priming, splenocytes (5×10⁶ cells/well in a 24-well plate) obtained from these animals were restimulated with syngeneic LPS blasts (2×10^(6/)well) coated with the peptide HBenv_(360-368.) These effector cells (0.2×10^(6/)well) were restimulated at weekly intervals. For the first and second restimulations, HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈ coated LPS blasts were used, followed by HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈ coated Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) cells. Six days after restimulation, effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr labelled Jurkat A₂/K^(b) target cells in the presence and absence of HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈ (see FIG. 11). Therefore, HBenv₃₆₀₋₃₆₈ is a CTL specific epitope.

EXAMPLE 6 Testing of Linked Tetanus Toxoid T Helper and HBc Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes for in vivo Priming

[0147] Transgenic mice (HLA-A2-1/kb) were primed subcutaneously (base of the tail) with 200 mg (0.07 mM) of peptide 934.02. Tetanus Toxoid 830-843 HBV core 18-27 Peptide T Helper Epitope Linker CTL Epitope 934.02 AC-QYIKANSKFIGITE AAA FLPSDFFPSV (SEQ ID NO:95) (SEQ ID NO:4)

[0148] Three weeks after priming, splenocytes were restimulated in vitro with LPS blasts coated with HBc 18-27 (as described in example I). After 7 days cells were restimulated with jurkat A2/Kb cells coated with HBc 18-27 (as described in Example 1)-After 6 days these effector cells were assayed for cytotoxicity against ⁵¹Cr labeled jurkat A2/Kb target cells in the presence or absence of HBc 18-27, Jy target cells in the presence or absence of HBc 18-27 and Jy cells transfected with HBV core. The results, shown in FIG. 12, indicate that peptide 934.02 effectively induces CTL specific for HBc 18-27. Moreover, these CTL recognize and kill endogenously presented antigen (Jy core).

EXAMPLE 7 Comparison of CTL Immunity Induced by Peptide Immunization

[0149] Various modifications and formulations of an antigenic CTL peptide were tested in an effort to enhance its immunogenicity. BALB/c mice were primed subcutaneously in the base of the tail with one of the following peptides or peptide mixtures: Peptide or Dose Number Peptides μM/mouse Formulation 932.01 CTL (Flu NP 147-155) 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA TYQRTRALV 932.07 (PAM)₂KSS-CTL 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA (PAM)₂KSSTYQRTRNLV 932.01 CTL + T helper(OVA 323-336) 0.1, 0.01 ea. Saline, Alum, IFA +577.01 TYQRTRALV-ISQAVHAAHAEINE 932.07 (PAM)₂KSS-CTL + T helper 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA +577.01 (PAM)₂KSSTYQRTRALV-ISQAVHAAHAETNIE 932.02 T helper-CTL 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA ISQAVHAAHAEINE-TYQRTRALV 932.04 (PAM)₂KSS-T helper-CTL 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA (PAM)₂KSSISQAVHAAHAEINE-TYQRTRALV 932.03 T helper-AAA-CTL 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA ISQAVHAAHAEINE-AAA-TYQRTRALV 932.05 (PAM)₂KSS-T helper-AAA-CTL 0.1, 0.01 Saline, Alum, IFA (PAM)₂KSS-ISQAVHAAHAEINE-AAA-TYQRTRALV

[0150] Three weeks after immunization splenocytes were removed and stimulated in vitro with the flu 147-155 peptide. CTL activity was assayed one week later using ⁵¹Cr-labeled B10.D2 fibroblasts as targets. Target cells were tested in the absence of antigen, in the presence of Flu 147-155 peptide or following infection with influenza PR8 virus. Representative results obtained from one of four independently run experiments are summarized in the following table.

[0151] CTL Immunogenicity of Various Modifications and Formulations of PR8-NP 148-155 Formulation Saline Alum IFA Peptide 0.01^(a) 0.1 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.1 932.01 −b − − − + +++ 932.07 ++ + − − − − 932.01 + 577.01 − ++ − − +++ ++ 932.07 + 577.01 + − − − − ± 932.02 − − − +++ +++ +++ 932.04 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ 932.03 − − − + +++ ++ 932.05 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ # and 30:1; + E:T greater than 30:1; − not achieved at any E:T tested.

[0152] A discussion of the results follows:

[0153] IFA formulation: The HTL-CTL linked peptides either lipidated (i.e., 932.04 and 932.05) or unlipidated (932.02 and 932.03) were all very active, inducing good CTL activity in all animals at both injection doses. The mixture of HTL (577.01) and CTL (932.01) peptides also induced CTL activity in all animals injected. The CTL peptide (932.01) demonstrated good activity at the 100 nmoles dose, however, only one out of four animals responded at the 10 nmoles dose. The lipidated CTL peptide (932.07) was completely inactive but some activity, albeit low, was observed when peptide 932.07 was mixed with the HTL peptide (577.01).

[0154] Saline formulation: The PAM₂-HTL-CTL linked peptides (932.04 and 932.05) induced good CTL activity in all animals injected and were far superior to all other peptide or peptide combinations tested. The unlipidated versions of those peptides (932.02 and 932.03) were totally ineffective at the 10 nmoles dose and only marginally active at the 100 nmoles dose underlying the importance of peptide lipidation for priming activity of saline formulations. For the other peptide combinations tested lipidation appeared to affect activity in the opposite direction as it did in IFA in that the CTL peptide (932.01) was completely inactive but its lipidated version (932.07) induced CTL activity in some of the animals injected. The activity of both peptides improved when mixed with the HTL peptide.

[0155] Alum formulation: The results obtained were similar to the ones obtained with peptides formulated in saline with the exception of peptide 932.07 that was inactive when injected in alum.

[0156] Accordingly, the constructs (PAM₂KSS-T helper-CTL and (PAM)₂KSS-T helper-AAA-CTL were superior when injected in saline or Alum compared to all of the other combinations. The peptides T helper-CTL and T helper-AAA-CTL were superior to mixing the T helper+CTL (i.e., non-linked) and worked well in IFA, but not well in saline or Alum. Thus, for vaccine development, linking the (PAM)₂KSS to a T helper peptide which is linked to the CTL peptide appears to be advantageous for inducing CTL immunity.

EXAMPLE 8 Definition of the Minimal Optimal Sequence with the CTL Peptide Epitope 799.09

[0157] Transgenic mice (A2-1/Kb) were primed with HBV virus in IFA substantially as described in Example 2. Seven days after priming, splenocytes obtained from these animals were restimulated with syngeneic irradiated LPS blasts coated with peptide 799.09 (as described in Example 1). After 6 cycles of restimulation with 799.09 coated cells (as described in Example 2) the effector cells were cloned by limiting dilution using syngeneic irradiated LPS blasts coated with peptide 799.09 (0.2×10⁶ cells/well of a 96 well plate) and media supplemented with 10% rat Con A supernatant. Two CTL lines were obtained, line 110 and 113 that killed JA2Kb target cells coated with peptide 799.09. These lines were tested on a panel of 799.09 N-terminus truncated peptides and overlapping 9mers and 10mers covering the entire 799.09 sequence. As shown in FIG. 13 panel A the minimal N-terminus truncated peptide recognized by line 113 and 110 were respectively peptides HBV env. 333-348 (923-09) and 335-348 (923.07). FIG. 13 panel B shows that none of the 9mers or 10mers were recognized by line 113 implicating a longer peptide as the minimal sequence required for recognition by this CTL line. The minimal sequence recognized by line 110 is represented by peptides HBV env. 333-341 (923.26) and HBV env 335-343 (923.22) indicating that possibly two distinct but overlapping peptides can serve as antigenic determinants for 799.09 specific CTL.

EXAMPLE 9 Priming of Peptide 934.05 (“Cy-1899”) in Transgenic Mice

[0158] This example discloses that peptide 934.02 (i.e., tetanus toxoid 830-843-AAA-HBcAg 18-27) when modified by linking (PAM)₂KSS to the tetanus toxoid end (resulting in “CY-1899”) and formulated in DMSO/saline induced CTLs in transgenic mice.

[0159] Lipopeptides were prepared by coupling the appropriate fatty acid to the amino terminus of the resin bound peptide. A typical procedure was as follows: A dichloromethane solution of a 4 fold excess of a pre-formed symmetrical anhydride of the appropriate fatty acid was added to the resin an the mixture was allowed to react for 2 hrs. The resin was washed with dichloromethane and dried. The resin was then treated with trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of appropriate scavengers [e.g. 5% (v/v) water] for 60 minutes at 20° C. After evaporation of excess trifluoroacetic acid, the crude peptide was washed with diethyl ether, dissolved in methanol and precipitated by the addition of water. The peptide was collected by filtration and dried.

[0160] Preparation of peptides for immunization: Peptides were routinely resuspended in DMSO at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Before use, peptides were prepared at the required concentration by dilution in saline or the appropriate medium. For selected experiments, CY-1 899 and 934.02 were also prepared as saline suspensions (in the complete absence of DMSO).

[0161] Immunization procedures: Transgenic mice were primed subcutaneously (base of the tail) with 0.1 ml of the appropriate peptide formulated in saline, or DMSO/saline.

[0162] Media:

[0163] RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) 2 mM Glutamine, 50 μg/ml Gentamicin and 5×10⁻⁵ 2-mercaptoethanol served as culture medium and will be referred to as R10 medium.

[0164] b. RPMI-1640 containing 25 mM HEPES buffer and supplemented with 2% (FCS) was used as cell washing medium.

[0165] Cell lines:

[0166] Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) (5) is a stable transfectant of the human T cell leukemia line, Jurkat. Jurkat A2.1/K^(b) cells were routinely grown in R10 medium supplemented with 400 μg/ml of G418.

[0167] LPS-activated lymphoblasts: Splenocytes obtained from A2.1/K^(b) transgenic mice were resuspended at a concentration of 1-1.5×10⁶/ml in R10 medium supplemented with 25 μg/ml LPS and 7 μg/ml dextran sulfate in 75 cm² tissue culture flasks. After 72 hr at 37° C., the lymphoblasts were collected for use by centrifugation.

[0168] Peptide coating of lymphoblasts: Peptide coating of the LPS activated lymphoblasts was achieved by incubating 30×10⁶ irradiated (3000 rads) lymphoblasts with 100 μg of peptide in 1 ml of R10 medium for 1 hr at 37° C. Cells were then washed once and resuspended in R10 medium at the desired concentration.

[0169] In vitro CTL activation: One to four weeks after priming spleen cells (30×10⁶ cells/flask) were co-cultured at 37° C. with syngeneic, irradiated (3000 rads), peptide coated lymphoblasts (10×10⁶ cells/flask) in 10 ml of R10 medium/T25 flask. After 6 days, the effector cells were harvested and assayed for cytotoxic activity.

[0170] Assay for cytotoxic activity: Target cells (1.0-1.5×10⁶) were incubated at 37° C. in the presence of 200 μl of sodium ⁵¹Cr chromate. After 60 minutes, cells were washed three times and resuspended in R10 medium. Peptide 875.15 was added where required at a concentration of 1 μtg/ml. For the assay, 10⁴ ⁵¹Cr-labeled target cells were added to different concentrations of effector cells (final volume of 200 μl) in U-bottom 96-well plates. After a 6 hour incubation period at 37° C., a 0.1 ml aliquot of supernatant was removed from each well and radioactivity was determined in a Micromedic automatic gamma counter. The percent specific lysis was determined by the formula: percent specific release=100×(experimental release−spontaneous release)/(maximum release−spontaneous release). For the purpose of easy comparison between separate CTL assays run under the same conditions, % ⁵¹Cr release data was expressed as lytic units/10⁶ cells. One lytic unit is arbitrarily defined as the number of effector cells required to achieve 30% lysis of 10,000 Jurkat A_(2.1)/K^(b) target cells in a 6 hour ⁵¹Cr release assay. To obtain specific lytic units/10⁶, the lytic units/10⁶ obtained in the absence of peptide is subtracted from the lytic units/10⁶ obtained in the presence of peptide. For example, if 30% ⁵¹Cr release is obtained at the E:T of 50:1 (i.e., 5×10⁵ effector cells for 10,000 targets) in the absence of peptide and 5:1 (i.e., 5×10⁴ effector cells for 10,000 targets) in the presence of peptide, the specific lytic units would be: (1×10⁶÷5×10⁴)-(1×10⁶÷5×10⁵)=18LU/10⁶.

[0171] Results

[0172] The results indicated that CY 1899 (i.e., tetanus toxoid 830-843-AAA-HBcAg 18-27) formulated in DMSO/saline is a strong immunogenic preparation inducing a good CTL response in all animals injected (six out of six).

[0173] CY 1899 in saline (without prior solubilization induced a poor CTL response in that only one of six animals injected had detectible CTL activity.

[0174] Peptide 934.02 in saline induced a marginal CTL response in that only one of the four animals tested had detectable CTL activity.

[0175] No CTL activity was detected in any of the animals injected with peptide 934.02 in DMSO/saline.

[0176] CTL induced by CY-1899 were shown to be able to kill cells expressing endogenous HBc antigen.

EXAMPLE 10 Priming of Peptide 934.05 (“Cy-1899”) in Transgenic Mice Epitope on CTL Induction

[0177] This example discloses that the desired CTL activity is induced in the absence of adjuvant (IFA or Alum) by lipidation of the T-Helper epitope where the T-Helper epitope and the CTL epitope are not linked.

[0178] The effect of lipidation of the HTL peptide epitope on the immunogenicity of PR8-NP 147-155 CTL peptide epitope was determined. Peptides used in this Example were as follows: ID Description Sequence 932-01 CTL TYQRTRALV (PR8-NIP 147-155) 932.07 (PAM)₂-CTL (PAM)2 577.01 HTL ISQAVHAAHAE1NE 932.06 (PAM)2-HTL (PAM)₂KSSISQAVHAAHAEINE 932.04 or (PAM)2-HTL-CTL (PAM)₂KSSISQAVHAAHAEINETYQRTRALV

[0179] Balb/c mice were injected with the different combinations indicated above of HTL (100 nmoles/mouse) and CTL (10 nmoles/mouse) peptide epitope in saline. Four animals were injected with each different preparation. Ten days after immunization, splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with NP 147-155 peptide. CTL activity was assayed 6 days later using ⁵¹Cr-labeled B10.D2 fibroblasts as targets in the absence or presence of NP 147-155 peptide. The data are expressed in lytic units/10⁶ cells. One lytic unit is arbitrarily defined as the number of lymphocytes required to achieve 30% lysis of 5000 B10.D2 ⁵¹Cr-labeled target cells within 6 hours, in the absence or presence of NP 147-155 peptide. (a) Each number represents the specific CTL activity (LU 30/10⁶ cells obtained in the presence of NP 147-155-LU 30/10⁶ cells obtained in the absence of NP 147-0155) from an individual mouse.

Effect of HTL Peptide Epitope and Peptide Liquid on the Immunogenicity of PR8-NP 147-155 CTL Peptide Epitope

[0180] Priming Peptide LU30 Cytel ID Number Description (Geometric Mean) 932.01 CTL 0 (a) 0.2 0 0 (0.1x/+1.4) 932.01 + CTL + HTL 0 0.3 577.01 0 0 (0.1x/+1.7) 932.07 (PAM)₂-CTL 0 0 0.5 0 (0.15x/+2.2) 932.07 + (PAM)₂-CTL + HTL 1 1.1 577.01 12.4 0 (1.1x/+7.2) 932.01 + CTL + (PAM)₂-HTL 9.3 74.1 932.06 1.7 69.5 (16.9x/+6.1) 932.07 +(PAM)₂-CTL + (PAM)₂-HTL 2.5 932.06 1 1 11.7 (2.3x/+6.1) 932.04 (PAM)₂-HTL-CTL 4.7 2 21 1.2 (3.9x/+3.5)

[0181] The results obtained indicate that, 1) unlipidated peptides (932.01 and 932.01+577.01) are ineffective at the concentrations tested when injected in saline; 2) the presence of both the HTL and the CTL peptide epitope and the lipidation of at least one peptide is necessary for CTL induction when the peptides are formulated in saline.

[0182] The preferred combination appeared to be the lipidated HTL peptides unlinked to the unlipidated CTL peptide. Thus, a titration of the CTL epitope and the lipidated HTL epitope in mixtures was performed (i.e., the titration of (PAM)₂-HTL peptide epitope and CTL peptide epitope in mixtures).

[0183] Balb/c mice were injected with 10 nmoles of the linked [(PAM)₂-HTL-CTL] peptide immunogen and with mixtures containing 0, 1, 10, or 100 umoles CTL epitope (932.01) and 0, 1, 10, or 100 nmoles PAM-helper epitope (932.06) per mouse as indicated in the table. Four animals were injected with each different preparation. Fourteen days after immunization, splenocytes were removed and stimulated in vitro with the NP 147-155 peptide. CTL activity was assayed 6 days later using ⁵¹Cr-labeled B 10.D2 fibroblasts as targets. Target cells were tested in the absence or presence of antigen (NP 147-155 peptide). The data are expressed in lytic units/10⁶ cells. One lytic unit is arbitrarily defined as the number of lymphocytes required to achieve 30% lysis of 5000 B10.D2 ⁵¹Cr-labeled target cells within 6 hours, in the absence or presence of antigen (NP 147-155 peptide). (a) Each number represents the specific CTL activity (LU 30/10⁶ cells; obtained in the presence of NP 147-155-LU 30/10⁶ cells obtained in the absence of NP 147 155) from an individual mouse.

Titration of (PAM)₂-HTL Peptide Epitope and CTL Peptide Epitope Contained in Mixtures

[0184] nmoles nmoles CTL epitope, 932.01 (PAM)²-HTL 0 1 10 100 epitope LU30 LU30 LU30 LU30 932.06 Geo Mean Geo Mean Geo Mean Geo Mean 0 3 .8 (a) 0. .8 0 .3 1 .3 1.0x/+2.9 1 3.8 2.5 3 23.9 4.4 7.4 2.6 0.2 2.6 0.2 4.4 2.6 2.6x/+7.2 1.8x/+4.4 3.5x/+1.7 10 >58 50 68 29.5 20.3 53 2.2 7.3 >64 53.5 27.5 >68 21.2x/+4.7 21.2x/+2.2 62.9x/+1.1 1001.5 26 69 64 0.8 61 >58 >64 0.7 63 >41 73 0 >54 7.9 62 0.5x/+3.2 48.2x/+1.5 33.7x/+2.7 65.6x/+1.1 (PAM)₂-HTL- 90 CTL 65 17.8 10 nmoles 25.4 1053.05 40.3x/+2.1

[0185] The results obtained indicate that optimal CTL induction (i.e., comparable to that achieved by immunization with 10 nmoles of the linked immunogen 1053.05) is achieved with mixtures containing 100 nmoles of the 932.06 [(PAM)₂ HTL] peptide and 1, 10 or 100 nmoles of the 932.01 (CTL) peptide. In the presence of 10 nmoles of 932.06, optimal CTL induction is achieved by the mixture containing 100 nmoles of 932.01 while a slight decrease was observed in the mixtures containing either 10 or 1 nmoles of the CTL peptide. Mixtures containing 1 nmole of the HTL peptide resulted rather inefficiently.

[0186] Lipidated T-Helper Epitopes With Multiple CTL Epitopes

[0187] By following the procedures described in this Example 10, a composition of matter comprising of a lipidated HTL admixed with multiple CTL epitopes can be prepared. Optionally, the CTL epitopes can be packaged in different vials from the HTL epitope(s).

EXAMPLE 11 Induction of Specific CTL Response in Humans

[0188] The human clinical trial for CY-1899 was set up as an IDN Phase I dose escalation study (5, 50 and 500 μg) and was carried out in a single center as a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial.

[0189] A total of 27 subjects were enrolled and divided into 3 groups:

[0190] Group I: 3 subjects were injected with placebo and 6 subjects were injected with 5 μg of CY-1899;

[0191] Group II: 3 subjects were injected with placebo and 6 subjects were injected with 50 μg of CY-1899;

[0192] Group III: 3 subjects were injected with placebo and 6 subjects were injected with 500 μg of CY-1899.

[0193] After 5 weeks (GI and GII) or 4 weeks (GIII) following the first injection, all subjects received a booster inoculation at the same dosage.

[0194] The endpoints measured in this study relate to the safety and tolerability of CY-1899 (also known as Theradigm-HBV) as well as its immunogenicity. Cellular immune responses to CY-1899 are an index of the intrinsic activity of this drug, and can therefore be viewed as a measure of biological efficacy. The following summarized the clinical and laboratory data relating to safety and efficacy endpoints.

[0195] Safety: Adverse events were observed with similar frequency in the placebo and drug treatment groups. All adverse events were judged to be mild in degree and completely reversible. No relationship between adverse events and dose level were found. The most common adverse events were headache (4 subjects) and skin reaction at the site of inoculation (3 subjects).

[0196] Evaluation of Vaccine Efficacy: For evaluation of vaccine efficacy subjects were bled before and after injection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh heparinized blood by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation, aliquoted in freezing media and stored frozen. Samples were assayed for CTL and HTL activity.

[0197] Data:Injection of CY-1899 in normal volunteers resulted in induction of HBc18-27 specific CTL as disclosed in FIGS. 14 and 15. The CTL response observed was dose dependent both in the proportion of subjections exhibiting a positive response as well as in the magnitude of the response obtained. The dose response effect is demonstrated in FIG. 16 where the mean peak CTL activity per each group of subjects after the first and second injections are shown.

[0198] The peptide-induced CTL responses were capable of killing cells expressing endogenous antigen (as disclosed in FIG. 17) validating the concept of peptide priming for induction of virus specific CTL.

[0199] The proliferative T cell response against the helper TT peptide among the subjects receiving the three doses of CY-1899 correlates with their CTL responses (as disclosed in. FIG. 18). The most striking T cell responses against the TT helper peptide were observed in individuals receiving the highest vaccine dose. In three out of four subjects in this dose group a strong T cell proliferative response against TT peptide was correlated with high levels of CTL induction following vaccination with CY-1899. The only instance where a strong CTL response was observed in the absence of helper T cell induction was in the case of an individual who demonstrated a late CTL response 14 days after boosting.

EXAMPLE 12 Specific CTL Inducing Vaccine for Preventing and/or Treating HCV

[0200] By following the procedures disclosed in Examples 1-11 a therapeutic composition of matter useful for treating mammals with HCV infections by inducing specific CTLs can be made.

[0201] For example, following the procedures in Examples 1, and 2, or alternatively Example 2A, peptides suitable for inducing CTLs can be identified, for example, the following peptides: SEQ ID SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: BINDING A2 HCV NS4 1807 LLFNILGGWV 10 125 3.5000 HCV CORE 178 LLFNILGGWV 10 126 0.6050 HCV N54 1585 YLVAYQATV 9 127 0.2450 HCV NS1/ENV 725 FLLLADARV 9 128 0.2250 HCV NS4 1851 ILAGYGAGV 9 129 0.2150 HCV CORE 132 DLMGYIPLV 9 130 0.0835 HCV CORE 35 YLLPRRGPRL 10 131 0.0725 NS1/ENV2 686 ALSTGLIHL 9 132 0.0415 HCV CORE 178 LLALLSCLTI 10 133 0.0340 HCV N55 2578 RLIVFPDLGV 10 134 0.0320 HCV N55 2885 RLHGLSAFSL 10 135 0.0200 HCV NS4 1811 ILGGWVAAQL 10 136 0.0180 HCV ENV1 364 SMVGNWAKV 9 137 0.0155 HCV NS3 1131 YLVTRHADV 9 138 0.0109 HCV NS4 1666 VLAALAAYCL 10 139 0.0106

[0202] Once identified, such desired peptides can be obtained either commercially or prepared following the procedures disclosed in Example 3.

[0203] The preferability of the identified peptides is elaborated by optimization of the configuration of the composition of matter (i.e., whether the T-Helper and CTL peptides are linked or unlinked, and whether the peptides are delivered in a saline, alum or IFA medium, lipidated T-Helper linked or unlinked to the CTL in saline, or linked and unlinked T-Helper with CTL in IFA).

[0204] By following the procedures disclosed above and in the preceding examples a vaccine capable of treating HCV can be obtained.

EXAMPLE 13 Specific CTL Inducing Vaccine for Preventing and/or Treating Melanoma

[0205] By following the procedures disclosed in Examples 1-10 a therapeutic composition of matter useful for treating mammals with melanomas by inducing specific CTLs can be made.

[0206] For example, following the procedures in Examples 1, and 2, or alternatively Example 2A, peptides suitable for inducing CTLs can be identified, for example, the following peptides: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 MAGE2 105 KMVELVHFL 9 140 0.5100 MAGE2 105 KMVELVHFLL 10 141 0.2200 MAGE3 153 LVFGIELMEV 10 142 0.1100 MAGE1 278 KVLEYVIKV 9 143 0.0900 MAGE1 105 KVADLVGFLL 10 144 0.0560 MAGE3 105 KVAEFVHFL 9 145 0.0550 MAGE1 92 CILESLFRA 9 146 0.0460 MAGE1 264 FLWGPRALA 9 147 0.0420 MAGE1 200 VMIAMEGGHA 10 148 0.0360 MAGE1 38 LVLGTLEEV 9 149 0.0320 MAGE1 301 ALREEEEGV 9 150 0.0210 MAGE1 270 ALAETSYVKV 10 151 0.0150 MAGE1 282 YVIKVSARV 9 152 0.0140 MAGE1 269 RALAETSYV 9 153 0.0100

[0207] Once identified, such desired peptides can be obtained either commercially or prepared following the procedures disclosed in Example 3.

[0208] The preferability of the identified peptides is elaborated by optimization of the configuration of the composition of matter (i.e., whether the T-Helper and CTL peptides are linked or unlinked, and whether the peptides are delivered in a saline, alum or IFA medium, lipidated T-Helper linked or unlinked to the CTL in saline, or linked and unlinked T-Helper with CTL in IFA).

[0209] By following the procedures disclosed above and in the preceding examples a vaccine capable of treating melanomas can be obtained.

EXAMPLE 14 Specific CTL Inducing Vaccine for Preventing and/or Treating HPV

[0210] By following the procedures disclosed in Examples 1-10 a therapeutic composition of matter useful for treating mammals with HPV infections by inducing specific CTLs can be made.

[0211] For example, following the procedures in Examples 1, and 2, or alternatively Example 2A, peptides suitable for inducing CTLs can be identified, for example, the following peptides: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 HPV16 E7 82 LLMGTLGIV 9 65 0.0240 HPV16 E7 11 YMLDLQPET 9 66 0.1400 HPV16 E6 52 FAFRDLCIV 9 67 0.0570 HPV16 E7 86 TLGIVCPIC 9 68 0.0750 HPV16 E7 7 TLHEYMLDL 9 69 0.0070 HPV16 E7 85 GTLGIVCPI 9 70 0.0820 HPV16 E7 12 MLDLQPETT 9 71 0.0028 HPV16 E6 29 TIHDIILECV 10 72 0.0210

[0212] Once identified, such desired peptides can be obtained either commercially or prepared following the procedures disclosed in Example 3.

[0213] The preferability of the identified peptides is elaborated by optimization of the configuration of the composition of matter (i.e., whether the T-Helper and CTL peptides are linked or unlinked, and whether the peptides are delivered in a saline, alum or IFA medium, lipidated T-Helper linked or unlinked to the CTL in saline, or linked and unlinked T-Helper with CTL in IFA).

[0214] By following the procedures disclosed above and in the preceding examples a vaccine capable of treating HPV can be obtained.

EXAMPLE 15 Specific CTL Inducing Vaccine for Preventing and/or Treating HIV

[0215] By following the procedures disclosed in Examples 1-10 a therapeutic composition of matter useful for treating humans with HIV infections by inducing specific CTLs can be made.

[0216] For example, following the procedures in Examples 1, and 2, or alternatively Example 2A, peptides suitable for inducing CTLs can be identified, for example, the following peptides: SEQ ID BINDING SOURCE POSITION SEQUENCE SIZE NO: A2 HIV 367 VLAEAMSQV 9 73 0.1100 HIV 1496 LLWKGEGAVV 10 74 0.0360 HIV 1496 LLWKGEGAV 9 75 0.0230 HIV 1004 ILKLEPVHGV 9 76 0.0190 HIV 1129 IVGAETFYV 9 77 0.0099 HIV 1129 IIGAETFYV 9 78 0.0260 HIV 2182 LWVTVYYGV 9 79 0.0014 HIV 2182 LMVTVYYGV 9 80 0.4400

[0217] Once identified, such desired peptides can be obtained either commercially or prepared following the procedures disclosed in Example 3.

[0218] The preferability of the identified peptides is elaborated by optimization of the configuration of the composition of matter (i.e., whether the T-Helper and CTL peptides are linked or unlinked, and whether the peptides are delivered in a saline, alum or IFA medium, lipidated T-Helper linked or unlinked to the CTL in saline, or linked and unlinked T-Helper with CTL in IFA).

[0219] By following the procedures disclosed above and in the preceding examples a vaccine capable of treating HIV can be obtained.

[0220] From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.

1 153 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 1 Glu Ala Asp Pro Thr Gly His Ser Tyr 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 2 Ala Val Asp Leu Ser His Phe Leu Lys 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 3 Ile Val Thr Asp Phe Ser Val Ile Lys 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 4 Phe Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 5 Ile Leu Lys Glu Pro Val His Gly Val 1 5 8 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 6 Leu Phe Gly Tyr Pro Val Tyr Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 7 Gly Ile Leu Gly Phe Val Phe Thr Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 8 Ile Ala Gly Asn Ser Ala Tyr Glu Tyr Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 9 Leu Leu Gly Arg Asn Ser Phe Glu Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 10 Trp Leu Ser Leu Leu Val Pro Phe Val 1 5 17 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 11 Arg Phe Arg Glu Leu Val Ser Glu Phe Ser Arg Met Ala Arg Asp Pro 1 5 10 15 Gln 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 12 Gln Val Pro Leu Arg Pro Met Thr Tyr Lys 1 5 10 11 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 13 Arg Leu Arg Asp Leu Leu Leu Ile Val Thr Arg 1 5 10 11 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 14 Ser Thr Leu Pro Glu Thr Thr Val Val Arg Arg 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 15 Ser Arg Tyr Trp Ala Ile Arg Thr Arg 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 16 Lys Arg Trp Ile Ile Leu Gly Leu Asn Lys 1 5 10 8 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 17 Lys Pro Lys Asp Glu Leu Asp Tyr 1 5 8 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 18 Lys Ser Lys Asp Leu Glu Asp Tyr 1 5 8 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 19 Lys Pro Asn Asp Lys Ser Leu Tyr 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 20 Thr Pro Tyr Asp Ile Asn Gln Met Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 21 Lys Pro Ile Val Gln Tyr Asp Asn Phe 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 22 Tyr Pro Ala Glu Ile Thr Leu Thr Trp 1 5 8 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 23 Tyr Leu Lys Asp Gln Gln Leu Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 24 Glu Leu Arg Ser Arg Tyr Trp Ala Ile 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 25 Phe Leu Arg Gly Arg Ala Tyr Gly Ile 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 26 Gly Glu Ile Tyr Lys Arg Trp Ile Ile 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 27 Asp Cys Lys Thr Ile Leu Lys Ala Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 28 Asp Pro Lys Val Lys Gln Trp Pro Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 29 Tyr Leu Lys Asp Gln Gln Leu Tyr Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 30 Gly Gly Lys Lys Lys Tyr Lys Leu Lys 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 31 Leu Leu Ala Gln Phe Thr Ser Ala Ile 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 32 Leu Leu Val Pro Phe Val Gln Trp Phe Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 33 Trp Leu Ser Leu Leu Val Pro Phe Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 34 Phe Leu Leu Ala Gln Phe Thr Ser Ala 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 35 Phe Leu Leu Ser Leu Gly Ile His Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 36 Ala Leu Met Pro Leu Tyr Ala Cys Ile 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 37 Ile Leu Leu Leu Cys Leu Ile Phe Leu Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 38 Lys Leu His Leu Tyr Ser His Pro Ile 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 39 Val Leu Leu Asp Tyr Gln Gly Met Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 40 Leu Leu Pro Ile Phe Phe Cys Leu Trp Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 41 Val Leu Gln Ala Gly Phe Phe Leu Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 42 Tyr Leu His Thr Leu Trp Lys Ala Gly Ile 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 43 Tyr Leu His Thr Leu Trp Lys Ala Gly Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 44 Pro Leu Leu Pro Ile Phe Phe Cys Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 45 Ile Leu Ser Thr Leu Pro Glu Thr Thr Val 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 46 Leu Leu Phe Asn Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Val 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 47 Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ser Cys Leu Thr Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 48 Tyr Leu Val Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 49 Phe Leu Leu Leu Ala Asp Ala Arg Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 50 Ile Leu Ala Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 51 Asp Leu Met Gly Tyr Ile Pro Leu Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 52 Tyr Leu Leu Pro Arg Arg Gly Pro Arg Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 53 Ala Leu Ser Thr Gly Leu Ile His Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 54 Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ser Cys Leu Thr Ile 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 55 Arg Leu Ile Val Phe Pro Asp Leu Gly Val 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 56 Arg Leu His Gly Leu Ser Ala Phe Ser Leu 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 57 Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Val Ala Ala Gln Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 58 Ser Met Val Gly Asn Trp Ala Lys Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 59 Tyr Leu Val Thr Arg His Ala Asp Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 60 Val Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Tyr Cys Leu 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 61 Gly Val Ala Gly Ala Leu Val Ala Phe Lys 1 5 10 8 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 62 Ser Thr Asn Pro Lys Pro Gln Lys 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 63 Gly Pro Arg Leu Gly Val Arg Ala Thr 1 5 20 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 64 Tyr Pro Trp Pro Leu Tyr Gly Asn Glu Gly Leu Gly Trp Ala Gly Trp 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Ser Pro 20 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 65 Leu Leu Met Gly Thr Leu Gly Ile Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 66 Tyr Met Leu Asp Leu Gln Pro Glu Thr 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 67 Phe Ala Phe Arg Asp Leu Cys Ile Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 68 Thr Leu Gly Ile Val Cys Pro Ile Cys 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 69 Thr Leu His Glu Tyr Met Leu Asp Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 70 Gly Thr Leu Gly Ile Val Cys Pro Ile 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 71 Met Leu Asp Leu Gln Pro Glu Thr Thr 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 72 Thr Ile His Asp Ile Ile Leu Glu Cys Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 73 Val Leu Ala Glu Ala Met Ser Gln Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 74 Leu Leu Trp Lys Gly Glu Gly Ala Val Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 75 Leu Leu Trp Lys Gly Glu Gly Ala Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 76 Ile Leu Lys Glu Pro Val His Gly Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 77 Ile Val Gly Ala Glu Thr Phe Tyr Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 78 Ile Ile Gly Ala Glu Thr Phe Tyr Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 79 Leu Trp Val Thr Val Tyr Tyr Gly Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 80 Leu Met Val Thr Val Tyr Tyr Gly Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 81 Lys Met Val Glu Leu Val His Phe Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 82 Lys Met Val Glu Leu Val His Phe Leu Leu 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 83 Leu Val Phe Gly Ile Glu Leu Met Glu Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 84 Lys Val Leu Glu Tyr Val Ile Lys Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 85 Lys Val Ala Asp Leu Val Gly Phe Leu Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 86 Lys Val Ala Glu Phe Val His Phe Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 87 Cys Ile Leu Glu Ser Leu Phe Arg Ala 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 88 Phe Leu Trp Gly Pro Arg Ala Leu Ala 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 89 Val Met Ile Ala Met Glu Gly Gly His Ala 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 90 Leu Val Leu Gly Thr Leu Glu Glu Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 91 Ala Leu Arg Glu Glu Glu Glu Gly Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 92 Ala Leu Ala Glu Thr Ser Tyr Val Lys Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 93 Tyr Val Ile Lys Val Ser Ala Arg Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 94 Arg Ala Leu Ala Glu Thr Ser Tyr Val 1 5 14 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..14 /note= “Tetanus toxoid 830-843” 95 Gln Tyr Ile Lys Ala Asn Ser Lys Phe Ile Gly Ile Thr Glu 1 5 10 17 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..17 /note= “Malaria circumsporozoite 382-398” 96 Lys Ile Ala Lys Met Glu Lys Ala Ser Ser Val Phe Asn Val Val Asn 1 5 10 15 Ser 21 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..21 /note= “Malaria circumsporozoite 378-398” 97 Asp Ile Glu Lys Lys Ile Ala Lys Met Glu Lys Ala Ser Ser Val Phe 1 5 10 15 Asn Val Val Asn Ser 20 14 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..14 /note= “Ovalbumin 323-336” 98 Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn Glu 1 5 10 13 amino acids amino acid unknown /note= “Influenza epitope 307-319” peptide Peptide 1..13 99 Pro Lys Tyr Val Lys Gln Asn Thr Leu Lys Leu Ala Thr 1 5 10 20 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..20 /note= “HBc 1-20, an HTL-inducing peptide specific for HBV” 100 Met Asp Ile Asp Pro Tyr Lys Glu Phe Gly Ala Thr Val Glu Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Ser Phe Leu Pro 20 20 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..20 /note= “HTL-inducing peptide specific for HBV; HBc50-69” 101 Pro His His Tyr Ala Leu Arg Gln Ala Ile Leu Cys Trp Gly Glu Leu 1 5 10 15 Met Tyr Leu Ala 20 20 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..20 /note= “HTL-inducing peptide specific for HBV; HBc100-119” 102 Leu Leu Trp Phe His Ile Ser Cys Leu Thr Phe Gly Arg Glu Thr Val 1 5 10 15 Ile Glu Tyr Leu 20 15 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..15 /note= “HTL-inducing peptide specific for HBV; HBc117-131” 103 Glu Tyr Leu Val Ser Phe Gly Val Trp Ile Arg Thr Pro Pro Ala 1 5 10 15 20 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Peptide 1..20 /note= “HTL-inducing peptide specific for HBV; HBc120-139” 104 Val Ser Phe Gly Val Trp Ile Arg Thr Pro Pro Ala Tyr Arg Pro Pro 1 5 10 15 Asn Ala Pro Ile 20 29 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 105 Lys Ser Ser Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn 1 5 10 15 Glu Ala Ala Ala Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 20 25 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 106 Gly Leu Tyr Ser Ser Thr Val Pro Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 107 Asn Leu Ser Trp Leu Ser Leu Asp Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 108 His Leu Tyr Ser His Pro Ile Ile Leu 1 5 13 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 109 Lys Ser Ser Phe Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 1 5 10 24 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 110 Gln Tyr Ile Lys Ala Asn Ser Lys Phe Ile Gly Ile Thr Glu Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 Pro Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 20 27 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 111 Gln Tyr Ile Lys Ala Asn Ser Lys Phe Ile Gly Ile Thr Glu Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Phe Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 20 25 27 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “acetylated glutamine” 112 Gln Tyr Ile Lys Ala Asn Ser Lys Phe Ile Gly Ile Thr Glu Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Phe Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 20 25 13 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 113 Thr Pro Pro Ala Tyr Arg Pro Pro Asn Ala Pro Ile Leu 1 5 10 23 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 23 /note= “Valinamide” 114 Thr Pro Pro Ala Tyr Arg Pro Pro Asn Ala Pro Ile Leu Phe Leu Pro 1 5 10 15 Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 20 26 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 26 /note= “Valinamide” 115 Thr Pro Pro Ala Tyr Arg Pro Pro Asn Ala Pro Ile Leu Ala Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Phe Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Phe Pro Ser Val 20 25 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 116 Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 1 5 12 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 117 Lys Ser Ser Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 1 5 10 23 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 118 Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn Glu 20 26 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 119 Lys Ser Ser Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val Ile Ser Gln Ala 1 5 10 15 Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn Glu 20 25 23 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 120 Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn Glu Thr Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 20 26 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 121 Lys Ser Ser Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn 1 5 10 15 Glu Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 20 25 26 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 122 Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn Glu Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 20 25 17 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 123 Lys Ser Ser Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn 1 5 10 15 Glu 26 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide Modified-site 1 /note= “Lysine residue linked, via the alpha and epsilon amino groups, to palmitic acid; (PAM)2Lys ” 124 Lys Ser Ser Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn 1 5 10 15 Glu Thr Tyr Gln Arg Thr Arg Ala Leu Val 20 25 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 125 Leu Leu Phe Asn Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Val 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 126 Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ser Cys Leu Thr Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 127 Tyr Leu Val Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 128 Phe Leu Leu Leu Ala Asp Ala Arg Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 129 Ile Leu Ala Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 130 Asp Leu Met Gly Tyr Ile Pro Leu Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 131 Tyr Leu Leu Pro Arg Arg Gly Pro Arg Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 132 Ala Leu Ser Thr Gly Leu Ile His Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 133 Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ser Cys Leu Thr Ile 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 134 Arg Leu Ile Val Phe Pro Asp Leu Gly Val 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 135 Arg Leu His Gly Leu Ser Ala Phe Ser Leu 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 136 Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Val Ala Ala Gln Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 137 Ser Met Val Gly Asn Trp Ala Lys Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 138 Tyr Leu Val Thr Arg His Ala Asp Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 139 Val Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Tyr Cys Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 140 Lys Met Val Glu Leu Val His Phe Leu 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 141 Lys Met Val Glu Leu Val His Phe Leu Leu 1 5 10 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 142 Leu Val Phe Gly Ile Glu Leu Met Glu Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 143 Lys Val Leu Glu Tyr Val Ile Lys Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 144 Lys Val Ala Asp Leu Val Gly Phe Leu Leu 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 145 Lys Val Ala Glu Phe Val His Phe Leu 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 146 Cys Ile Leu Glu Ser Leu Phe Arg Ala 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 147 Phe Leu Trp Gly Pro Arg Ala Leu Ala 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 148 Val Met Ile Ala Met Glu Gly Gly His Ala 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 149 Leu Val Leu Gly Thr Leu Glu Glu Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 150 Ala Leu Arg Glu Glu Glu Glu Gly Val 1 5 10 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 151 Ala Leu Ala Glu Thr Ser Tyr Val Lys Val 1 5 10 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 152 Tyr Val Ile Lys Val Ser Ala Arg Val 1 5 9 amino acids amino acid unknown unknown peptide 153 Arg Ala Leu Ala Glu Thr Ser Tyr Val 1 5 

What is claimed is:
 1. An immunogenically effective composition comprising: a first peptide comprising an epitope, wherein the first peptide binds to an HLA class I molecule to form an epitope-HLA complex recognized by a human cytotoxic T cell; a second peptide comprising an epitope, wherein the second peptide binds to an HLA class II molecule to form an epitope-HLA complex recognized by a human helper T cell; an adjuvant; and a physiologically acceptable carrier.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second peptide is covalently linked to the first peptide.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second peptide is not linked to the first peptide.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is linked to the second peptide by a spacer molecule.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the epitope is a viral epitope, a bacterial epitope, a parasitic epitope, or a tumor epitope.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first peptide, the second peptide, or the first peptide and second peptide are each from six to thirty amino acid residues in length.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first peptide, the second peptide, or the first peptide and second peptide comprises a plurality of epitopic units.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is elected from the group consisting of LLAQFTSAI (SEQ ID NO:31), LLVPFVQWFV (SEQ ID NO:32), WLSLLVPFV (SEQ ID NO:33), FLLAQFTSA (SEQ ID NO:34), FLLSLGIHL (SEQ ID NO: 35), ALMPLYACI (SEQ ID NO:36), ILLLCLIFLL (SEQ ID NO:37), KLHLYSHPI (SEQ ID NO:38), VLLDYQGML (SEQ ID NO:39), LLPIFFCLWV (SEQ ID NO:40), VLQAGFFLL (SEQ ID NO:41), YLHTLWKAGI (SEQ ID NO:42), YLHTLWKAGV (SEQ ID NO:43), PLLPIFFCL (SEQ ID NO:44), ILSTLPETTV (SEQ ID NO:45), LLFNILGGWV (SEQ ID NO: 46), LLALLSCLTV (SEQ ID NO:47), YLVAYQATV (SEQ ID NO:48), FLLLADARV (SEQ ID NO:49), ILAGYGAGV (SEQ ID NO:50), DLMGYIPLV (SEQ ID NO:51), YLLPRRGPRL (SEQ ID NO:52), ALSTGLIHL (SEQ ID NO:53), LLALLSCLTI (SEQ ID NO:54), RLIVFPDLGV (SEQ ID NO:55), RLHGLSAFSL (SEQ ID NO:56), ILGGWVAAQL (SEQ ID NO:57), SMVGNWAKV (SEQ ID NO:58), YLVTRHADV (SEQ ID NO:59), VLAALAAYCL (SEQ ID NO:60), LLMGTLGIV (SEQ ID NO:65), YMLDLQPET (SEQ ID NO:66), FAFRDLCIV (SEQ ID NO:67), TLGIVCPIC (SEQ ID NO:68), TLHEYMLDL (SEQ ID NO:69), GTLGIVCPI (SEQ ID NO:70), MLDLQPETT (SEQ ID NO:71), TIHDIILECV (SEQ ID NO:72), VLAEAMSQV (SEQ ID NO:73), LLWKGEGAVV (SEQ ID NO:74), LLWKGEGAV (SEQ ID NO:75), ILKEPVHGV (SEQ ID NO:76), IVGAETFYV (SEQ ID NO:77), IIGAETFYV (SEQ ID NO:78), LWVTVYYGV (SEQ ID NO:79), LMVTVYYGV (SEQ ID NO:80), KMVELVHFL (SEQ ID NO:81), KMVELVHFLL (SEQ ID NO:82), LVFGIELMEV (SEQ ID NO:83), KVLEYVIKV (SEQ ID NO:84), KVADLVGFLL (SEQ ID NO:85), KVAEFVHFL (SEQ ID NO:86), CILESLFRA (SEQ ID NO:87), FLWGPRALA (SEQ ID NO:88), VMIAMEGGHA (SEQ ID NO:89), LVLGTLEEV (SEQ ID NO:90), ALREEEEGV (SEQ ID NO:91), ALAETSYVKV (SEQ ID NO:92), YVIKVSARV (SEQ ID NO:93), and RALAETSYV (SEQ ID NO:94).
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second peptide is selected from the group consisting of QYIKANSKFIGITE (SEQ ID NO:95), KIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS (SEQ ID NO:96), DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS (SEQ ID NO:97), ISQAVHAAHAEINE (SEQ ID NO:98), PKYVKQNTLKLAT (SEQ ID NO:99), MDIDPYKEFGATVELLSFLP (SEQ ID NO:100), PHHYALRQAILCWGELMYLA (SEQ ID NO:101), LLWFHISCLTFGRETVIEYL (SEQ ID NO:102), EYLVSFGVWIRTPPA (SEQ ID NO:103), and VSFGVWIRTPPAYRPPNAPI (SEQ ID NO:104).
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adjuvant is incomplete Freund's adjuvant, complete Freund's adjuvant, alum, aluminum hydroxide, or a lipid.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adjuvant is a lipid.
 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the lipid is linked to the first peptide.
 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the lipid is linked to the second peptide.
 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the lipid is linked to the first and the second peptide.
 15. A method for stimulating an immune response in a human against an epitope, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first peptide comprising an epitope, wherein the first peptide binds to an HLA class I molecule to form an epitope-HLA complex recognized by a human cytotoxic T cell; (b) providing a second peptide comprising an epitope, wherein the second peptide binds to an HLA class II molecule to form an epitope-HLA complex recognized by a human helper T cell; (c) providing an adjuvant; and (d) administering the first and second peptides and the adjuvant to the human.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second peptide is covalently linked to the first peptide.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the second peptide is not linked to the first peptide.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the first peptide is linked to the second peptide by a spacer molecule.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the administration step comprises administering the first peptide, second peptide and the adjuvant concurrently.
 20. The method of claim 15, which further comprises, following step (d), a step (e) administering the first and second peptides to the human, whereby the administration steps (d) and (e) are spaced a sufficient interval apart to optimize development of said immune response to the epitopes.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the administration step (e) comprises administering the second peptide and the first peptide approximately four weeks after the administration step (d).
 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the epitope is a viral epitope, a bacterial epitope, a parasitic epitope, or a tumor epitope.
 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second peptides are administered prophylactically.
 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the first peptide and/or the second peptide are each from six to thirty amino acid residues in length.
 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the first peptide, the second peptide, or the first peptide and second peptide comprises a plurality of epitopic units.
 26. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first peptide is selected from the group consisting of LLAQFTSAI (SEQ ID NO:31), LLVPFVQWFV (SEQ ID NO:32), WLSLLVPFV (SEQ ID NO:33), FLLAQFTSA (SEQ ID NO:34), FLLSLGIHL (SEQ ID NO: 35), ALMPLYACI (SEQ ID NO:36), ILLLCLIFLL (SEQ ID NO:37), KLHLYSHPI (SEQ ID NO:38), VLLDYQGML (SEQ ID NO:39), LLPIFFCLWV (SEQ ID NO:40), VLQAGFFLL (SEQ ID NO:41), YLHTLWKAGI (SEQ ID NO:42), YLHTLWKAGV (SEQ ID NO:43), PLLPIFFCL (SEQ ID NO:44), ILSTLPETTV (SEQ ID NO:45), LLFNILGGWV (SEQ ID NO: 46), LLALLSCLTV (SEQ ID NO:47), YLVAYQATV (SEQ ID NO:48), FLLLADARV (SEQ ID NO:49), ILAGYGAGV (SEQ ID NO:50), DLMGYIPLV (SEQ ID NO:51), YLLPRRGPRL (SEQ ID NO:52), ALSTGLIHL (SEQ ID NO:53), LLALLSCLTI (SEQ ID NO:54), RLIVFPDLGV (SEQ ID NO:55), RLHGLSAFSL (SEQ ID NO:56), ILGGWVAAQL (SEQ ID NO:57), SMVGNWAKV (SEQ ID NO:58), YLVTRHADV (SEQ ID NO:59), VLAALAAYCL (SEQ ID NO:60), LLMGTLGIV (SEQ ID NO:65), YMLDLQPET (SEQ ID NO:66), FAFRDLCIV (SEQ ID NO:67), TLGIVCPIC (SEQ ID NO:68), TLHEYMLDL (SEQ ID NO:69), GTLGIVCPI (SEQ ID NO:70), MLDLQPETT (SEQ ID NO:71), TIHDIILECV (SEQ ID NO:72), VLAEAMSQV (SEQ ID NO:73), LLWKGEGAVV (SEQ ID NO:74), LLWKGEGAV (SEQ ID NO:75), ILKEPVHGV (SEQ ID NO:76), IVGAETFYV (SEQ ID NO:77), IIGAETFYV (SEQ ID NO:78), LWVTVYYGV (SEQ ID NO:79), LMVTVYYGV (SEQ ID NO:80), KMVELVHFL (SEQ ID NO:81), KMVELVHFLL (SEQ ID NO:82), LVFGIELMEV (SEQ ID NO:83), KVLEYVIKV (SEQ ID NO:84), KVADLVGFLL (SEQ ID NO:85), KVAEFVHFL (SEQ ID NO:86), CILESLFRA (SEQ ID NO:87), FLWGPRALA (SEQ ID NO:88), VMIAMEGGHA (SEQ ID NO:89), LVLGTLEEV (SEQ ID NO:90), ALREEEEGV (SEQ ID NO:91), ALAETSYVKV (SEQ ID NO:92), YVIKVSARV (SEQ ID NO:93), and RALAETSYV (SEQ ID NO:94).
 27. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second peptide is selected from the group consisting of QYIKANSKFIGITE (SEQ ID NO:95), KIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS (SEQ ID NO:96), DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS (SEQ ID NO:97), ISQAVHAAHAEINE (SEQ ID NO:98), PKYVKQNTLKLAT (SEQ ID NO:99), MDIDPYKEFGATVELLSFLP (SEQ ID NO:100), PHHYALRQAILCWGELMYLA (SEQ ID NO:101), LLWFHISCLTFGRETVIEYL (SEQ ID NO:102), EYLVSFGVWIRTPPA (SEQ ID NO:103), and VSFGVWIRTPPAYRPPNAPI (SEQ ID NO:104).
 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and the second peptides are administered with a physiologically-acceptable carrier.
 29. The method of claim 15, wherein the adjuvant is alum, aluminum hydroxide, or a lipid.
 30. The method of claim 15, wherein the first peptide is administered with the lipid.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the adjuvant is a lipid and the first peptide is linked to the lipid.
 32. The method of claim 15, wherein the second peptide is administered with the adjuvant.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the second peptide is linked to the adjuvant.
 34. The method of claim 15, wherein the first peptide and the second peptide are administered with an adjuvant.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the first peptide and the second peptide are both linked to the adjuvant. 